PAN ISO 639-3
Punjabi, Eastern
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Panjabi), ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (Panjabi bhasa) Autonym
A language of India
- ISO 639
- pan
- Alternate Names
- Eastern Panjabi, Gurmukhi, Gurumukhi, Punjabi
- Autonym
- ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Panjabi), ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (Panjabi bhasa)
- Population
- 34,700,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 31,100,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 3,600,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 52,233,570 (as L1: 48,633,570; as L2: 3,600,000).
- Location:
- Chandigarh state; Haryana state: Ambala and Pauchkula districts; Himachal Pradesh state: Kangra and Una districts; Jammu and Kashmir state: Jambu, Kathua, and Samba Jambu districts; Punjab state: Amritsar and Gurdaspur districts; Rajasthan state: north Ganganagar district.
- Language Status
- 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Punjab, West Bengal states; union territories Delhi, Chandigarh (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII).
- Classification
- Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Panjabi
- Dialects
- Punjabi Proper (Panjabi Proper), Majhi, Doabi, Bhatiani (Bhatneri, Bhatti, Bhatyiana), Powadhi (Puadhi, Puadi), Malwai (Malwa), Bathi. Western Punjabi [pnb] is distinct from Eastern Punjabi, although there is a chain of dialects to Western Hindi (Urdu) [urd]. Bhatyiana dialect considered a mixture of Punjabi and Marwari [mve]. Majhi considered the purest Punjabi form (Grierson and Konow 1903–1928).
- Typology
- SOV; postpositions; gender (masculine/feminine); no articles; case-marking (7 cases); verb affixes mark person, number, gender of subject; passives; tense and aspect; 15 consonant and 24 vowel phonemes; tonal (3 tones: high, mid, low).
- Language Use
- Used as L2 by Bauria [bge], Bazigar [bfr], Bhattiyali [bht], Bilaspuri [kfs], Chambeali [cdh], Churahi [cdj], Dogri [dgo], Kangri [xnr], Mandeali [mjl], Sansi [ssi].
- Language Development
- Taught in primary and secondary schools. Literature. Radio. Grammar. Bible: 1959–2017.
- Language Resources
- OLAC resources in and about Punjabi, Eastern
- Writing
- Arabic script, Naskh variant [Arab]. Gurmukhi script [Guru], primary usage. Khojki script [Khoj].
- Other Comments
- Associated with Sikhs. Different from Majhi [mjz] in India and Nepal. Sikh, Muslim.
Also Spoken in
- Language Status
- Unestablished
- Other Comments
- Non-indigenous. View other languages of United Arab Emirates
Language Name
Punjabi, Eastern
User Population
214,000 in United Arab Emirates (2020).
- Language Status
- Unestablished
- Other Comments
- Non-indigenous. View other languages of Australia
Language Name
Punjabi, Eastern
User Population
132,000 in Australia (2016 census).
- Language Status
- Unestablished
- Other Comments
- Non-indigenous. View other languages of Bangladesh
Language Name
Punjabi, Eastern
User Population
23,700 in Bangladesh (2000).
- Language Status
- Unestablished
- Other Comments
- Non-indigenous. View other languages of Canada
Language Name
Punjabi, Eastern
User Population
502,000 in Canada (2016 census). Includes both Eastern and Western Punjabi [pnb].
- Language Status
- 5 (Dispersed)
- Other Comments
- Non-indigenous. View other languages of Fiji
Language Name
Punjabi, Eastern
User Population
9,000 in Fiji (2019).
- Language Status
- Unestablished
- Other Comments
- Non-indigenous. View other languages of United Kingdom
Language Name
Punjabi, Eastern
User Population
224,000 in United Kingdom (2011 census). All Punjabi speakers: 273,000 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 471,000 (2004).
- Language Status
- Unestablished
- Other Comments
- Non-indigenous. View other languages of Iran
Language Name
Punjabi, Eastern
User Population
35,900 in Iran (2019).
- Language Status
- Unestablished
- Other Comments
- Non-indigenous. View other languages of Japan
Language Name
Punjabi, Eastern
User Population
70,000 in Japan (Leclerc 2020b).
- Location
- Nairobi.
- Language Status
- 5 (Dispersed)
- Other Comments
- Non-indigenous. Most came to Kenya to build the railroad in early 20th century. Sikh, Hindu, Muslim. View other languages of Kenya
Language Name
Punjabi, Eastern
User Population
65,000 in Kenya (2020 Joshua Project), increasing. , based on ethnicity.
- Language Status
- 5 (Dispersed)
- Other Comments
- Non-indigenous. View other languages of Mauritius
Language Name
Punjabi, Eastern
User Population
25,000 in Mauritius (Leclerc 2018c).
- Location
- Western Peninsular.
- Language Status
- Unestablished
- Other Comments
- Non-indigenous. View other languages of Malaysia
Language Name
Punjabi, Eastern
User Population
56,400 in Malaysia (Salleh 2006).
- Language Status
- Unestablished
- Other Comments
- Non-indigenous. View other languages of New Zealand
Language Name
Punjabi, Eastern
User Population
19,800 in New Zealand (2013 census).
- Language Status
- Unestablished
- Other Comments
- Non-indigenous. View other languages of Oman
Language Name
Punjabi, Eastern
User Population
39,300 in Oman (2020).
- Location
- Punjab province: Bahawalnagar, Faisalabad, Toba Tek Singh, and Vehari districts.
- Dialects
- Doabi, Malwai (Malwa). A continuum of related varieties between Eastern Punjabi in India and Western Punjabi [pnb] in Pakistan. Lexical similarity: 70%–85% with Western Punjabi [pnb].
- Language Status
- 5 (Dispersed) View other languages of Pakistan
Language Name
Punjabi, Eastern
User Population
15,000,000 in Pakistan (2017 census).
- Language Status
- Unestablished
- Other Comments
- Non-indigenous. View other languages of Saudi Arabia
Language Name
Punjabi, Eastern
User Population
795,000 in Saudi Arabia (2018). , based on ethnicity.
- Location
- Scattered.
- Language Status
- 6b (Threatened)
- Other Comments
- Non-indigenous. Sikh. View other languages of Singapore
Language Name
Punjabi, Eastern
User Population
5,670 in Singapore (2010 census). Ethnic population: 25,000 (2018 J. Leclerc).
- Language Status
- Unestablished
- Other Comments
- Non-indigenous. View other languages of Thailand
Language Name
Punjabi, Eastern
User Population
62,000 in Thailand (Leclerc 2019a). , based on ethnicity.
- Location
- Scattered.
- Language Status
- Unestablished
- Other Comments
- Non-indigenous. View other languages of United States
Language Name
Punjabi, Eastern
User Population
254,000 in United States (2015 census). United States census doesn’t distinguish between Eastern Punjabi [pan], and Western Punjabi [pnb].
Map
Location: Chandigarh state; Haryana state: Ambala and Pauchkula districts; Himachal Pradesh state: Kangra and Una districts; Jammu and Kashmir state: Jambu, Kathua, and Samba Jambu districts; Punjab state: Amritsar and Gurdaspur districts; Rajasthan state: north Ganganagar district.
Size and Vitality
Click to enlarge with explanationPlace in Language Cloud
Click to enlarge with explanation