Page Type: languageFrench | Ethnologue

FRA ISO 639-3

French

français Autonym

A language of France

fra
français
63,900,000 in France, all users. L1 users: 62,400,000 in France (2020). L2 users: 1,500,000 (2018). Total users in all countries: 274,072,940 (as L1: 79,873,670; as L2: 194,199,270).
1 (National). Statutory national language (1958, Constitution, Article 2.1).
Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French
Standard French, Norman (Normand), Angevin, Berrichon, Bourbonnais, Bourguignon, Franc-Comtois, Gallo, Poitevin, Lorraine, Saintongeais. Lexical similarity: 89% with Italian [ita], 80% with Logudorese Sardinian [src], 78% with Romansh [roh], 75% with Portuguese [por], Romanian [ron], and Spanish [spa], 29% with German [deu], 27% with English [eng].
SVO; prepositions; noun head final for common adjectives, numbers, possessives, but most attributive adjectives come after the noun; gender (masculine/feminine); definite and indefinite articles; verb affixes mark person, number; passives; tense; comparatives; 20 consonant and 14 vowel phonemes; non-tonal; syllable-timed stress.
Some also use English [eng] (European Commission 2006). Some also use Spanish [spa] (European Commission 2006). A few also use Standard German [deu] (European Commission 2006).
Fully developed. Bible: 1530–2000.
OLAC resources in and about French
Braille script [Brai]. Duployan shorthand [Dupl]. Latin script [Latn], primary usage.
Christian.
French
10,000 in Armenia (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
Scattered.
4 (Educational)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Armenia
French
70,900 in Australia (2016 census).
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Australia
French
4,750,000 in Burkina Faso, all users. L1 users: 170,000 in Burkina Faso (2009 UNSD). L2 users: 4,580,000 (Beck et al 2018).
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Burkina Faso
French
164,000 in Bulgaria (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Bulgaria
French
941,870 in Burundi, all users. L1 users: 1,870 in Burundi (2019). L2 users: 940,000 (Beck et al 2018).
Major cities.
3 (Wider communication)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Burundi
French
6,750 in Saint Barthélemy (2011 SIL). Most Sous le Vent dialect users shifting to modern standard French.
Sous le Vent (Saint Barthélemy Patois).
1 (National)
Non-indigenous. Sous le Vent on the northwest end of the island is an archaic French similar to 17th century French.
View other languages of Saint Barthélemy
French
10,980,000 in Canada, all users. L1 users: 7,170,000 in Canada (2016 census). 300,000 speak Acadien, 500,000 speak Franco-Ontarien, over 51,000 speak Franco-Manitoban. L2 users: 3,810,000 (Beck et al 2018).
Widespread: Québécois in Quebec; Franco-Ontarien in Ontario; Acadian on the east coast of New Brunswick, pockets in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island; Franco-Terreneuvien in Newfoundland. Some Québécois in Manitoba.
Acadian (Acadien), Franco-Ontarien, Québécois, Shippagan, Franco-Terreneuvien, Franco-Manitoban.
1 (National)
Non-indigenous. Difficult intelligibility Québécois and Acadian speakers, for speakers not fluent in standard French. Québécois used more vigorously than Acadian. Christian.
View other languages of Canada
French
1,349,000 in Central African Republic, all users. L1 users: 9,000 in Central African Republic (1996). L2 users: 1,340,000 (Beck et al 2018).
Widespread.
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Central African Republic
French
5,732,000 in Switzerland, all users. L1 users: 1,912,000 in Switzerland (2018 census). L2 users: 3,820,000 (Beck et al 2018).
Fribourg, Geneva, Jura, Neuchâtel, and Vaud cantons.
Franc-Comtois (Fribourgois, Jurassien).
1 (National)
View other languages of Switzerland
French
8,235,000 in Côte d’Ivoire, all users. L1 users: 45,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (2017). L2 users: 8,190,000 (Beck et al 2018).
Nouchi.
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Côte d’Ivoire
French
79,140 in Cyprus, all users. L1 users: 1,140 in Cyprus (2013 UNSD). L2 users: 78,000 (Beck et al 2018).
Scattered.
4 (Educational)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Cyprus
French
485,900 in Djibouti, all users. L1 users: 20,900 in Djibouti (2019). L2 users: 465,000 (Beck et al 2018).
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Djibouti
French
426,800 in Denmark, all users. L1 users: 6,800 in Denmark (2020 census). , based on nationality. L2 users: 420,000 (Beck et al 2018).
Scattered.
4 (Educational)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Denmark
French
159,100 in Dominican Republic, all users. L1 users: 2,100 in Dominican Republic (2021 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity. L2 users: 157,000 (Beck et al 2018).
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Dominican Republic
French
18,900 in Estonia (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Estonia
French
3,000,000 in Egypt (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Egypt
French
12,767,000 in United Kingdom, all users. L1 users: 167,000 in United Kingdom (2011 census). L2 users: 12,600,000 (European Commission 2012).
Scattered.
4 (Educational)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of United Kingdom
French
291,000 in French Guiana, all users. L1 users: 111,000 in French Guiana (2019). L2 users: 180,000 (2019).
Widespread.
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of French Guiana
French
Widespread.
3 (Wider communication)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Guernsey
French
377,400 in Guadeloupe, all users. L1 users: 6,400 in Guadeloupe (2019). L2 users: 371,000 (Beck et al 2018).
1 (National)
Non-indigenous. Local variety is similar to Cajun French [frc] of the United States.
View other languages of Guadeloupe
French
380,000 in Equatorial Guinea (2018), L2 users.
Major cities.
4 (Educational)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Equatorial Guinea
French
809,200 in Greece, all users. L1 users: 6,200 in Greece (Leclerc 2020a). L2 users: 803,000 (Beck et al 2018).
Scattered.
4 (Educational)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Greece
French
114,000 in Hungary (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Hungary
French
512,540 in Ireland, all users. L1 users: 2,540 in Ireland (2016 census). L2 users: 510,000 (2018).
Scattered.
4 (Educational)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Ireland
French
Widespread.
3 (Wider communication)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Jersey
French
6,300 in Japan (Leclerc 2013).
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Japan
French
217,750 in Comoros, all users. L1 users: 1,750 in Comoros (2019). L2 users: 216,000 (2018).
1 (National)
Non-indigenous. Language of all formal education except Koranic.
View other languages of Comoros
French
190,000 in Laos (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Laos
French
2,910 in Saint Lucia (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Saint Lucia
French
8,220 in Libya (2020).
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Libya
French
12,705,400 in Morocco, all users. L1 users: 5,400 in Morocco (2018 J. Leclerc). L2 users: 12,700,000 (Beck et al 2018).
Widespread.
3 (Wider communication)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Morocco
French
3,000 in Saint Martin (2011 SIL).
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Saint Martin
French
312,000 in Martinique, all users. L1 users: 15,000 in Martinique (2019). L2 users: 297,000 (2018).
1 (National)
Non-indigenous. When Creole languages exist alongside their lexifier language, as in Martinique, a continuum forms of variations between the Creole and the lexifier language. It is therefore difficult to substantiate the number of Creole speakers and English speakers.
View other languages of Martinique
French
43,000 in Mexico, all users. L1 users: 13,000 in Mexico (2021 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity. L2 users: 30,000 (Beck et al 2018).
4 (Educational)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Mexico
French
8,300 in Nigeria (2021 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity.
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Nigeria
French
43,000 in Panama (2021 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity.
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Panama
French
2,100 in Puerto Rico (2020).
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Puerto Rico
French
2,340,000 in Romania (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
Scattered.
4 (Educational)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Romania
French
276,000 in Serbia (2018), L2 users.
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Serbia
French
33,000 in Saudi Arabia (2018). , based on ethnicity.
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Saudi Arabia
French
114,000 in Slovakia (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Slovakia
French
42,200 in São Tomé e Príncipe (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
Scattered.
4 (Educational)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of São Tomé e Príncipe
French
1,963,000 in Chad, all users. L1 users: 3,000 in Chad (1993). L2 users: 1,960,000 (Beck et al 2018).
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Chad
French
4,300 in Turkey (2019).
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Turkey
French
659,700 in Viet Nam, all users. L1 users: 5,700 in Viet Nam (2020 Joshua Project). L2 users: 654,000 (2014 OIF).
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Vietnam
French
163,850 in Mayotte, all users. L1 users: 5,850 in Mayotte (2019). L2 users: 158,000 (2018).
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Mayotte
French
11,000 in South Africa (2020 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity.
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of South Africa
French
58,200 in Andorra, all users. L1 users: 4,200 in Andorra (2005 census). L2 users: 54,000 (Beck et al 2018). Ethnic population: 5,200 (2008 census).
Scattered.
3 (Wider communication)
View other languages of Andorra
French
250,000 in United Arab Emirates (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of United Arab Emirates
French
61,600 in Albania (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
Major cities.
4 (Educational)
Non-indigenous. Albania is a member of OIF (Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie).
View other languages of Albania
French
16,000 in Argentina (2018). , based on nationality.
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Argentina
French
1,146,900 in Austria, all users. L1 users: 16,900 in Austria (2018 J. Leclerc). L2 users: 1,130,000 (Beck et al 2018).
Scattered.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Austria
French
28,000 in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina
French
9,570,000 in Belgium, all users. L1 users: 4,380,000 in Belgium (European Commission 2012). L2 users: 5,190,000 (European Commission 2012).
Hainaut, Liège, Namur, and Walloon Brabant provinces; Luxembourg province: Lorraine; southern hills, and one area in Brussels.
Lorraine.
1 (National)
The following municipalities have minority rights for Dutch-speaking persons: Comines-Warneton, Mouscron, Enghien, Floubecques; and for German-speaking persons: Malmèdy, Weismes, Welkenraedt.
View other languages of Belgium
French
3,820,000 in Benin (2018), L2 users.
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Benin
French
18,000 in Brazil (2021 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity.
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Brazil
French
15,500,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (2021 A. Dusséaux), L2 users.
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Democratic Republic of the Congo
French
3,181,100 in Congo, all users. L1 users: 11,100 in Congo (2020). L2 users: 3,170,000 (Beck et al 2018).
1 (National)
Non-indigenous. Sole language of formal education.
View other languages of Congo
French
10,000,000 in Cameroon (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
Mainly Adamawa, Centre, East, Far North, Littoral, North, South, and West regions.
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Cameroon
French
235,060 in Czechia, all users. L1 users: 2,060 in Czechia (2011 census). L2 users: 233,000 (Beck et al 2018).
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Czechia
French
12,643,000 in Germany, all users. L1 users: 243,000 in Germany (2020 census). , based on nationality. L2 users: 12,400,000 (2019).
Scattered.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Germany
French
7,130 in Dominica (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
Widespread.
4 (Educational)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Dominica
French
13,814,300 in Algeria, all users. L1 users: 14,300 in Algeria (2020). L2 users: 13,800,000 (Beck et al 2018).
Major cities.
4 (Educational)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Algeria
French
2,253,000 in Spain, all users. L1 users: 253,000 in Spain (2020 census). , based on nationality. L2 users: 2,000,000 (2019).
Scattered.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Spain
French
440,400 in Finland, all users. L1 users: 4,400 in Finland (2018 census). L2 users: 436,000 (Beck et al 2018).
Scattered.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Finland
French
1,370,000 in Gabon, all users. L1 users: 320,000 in Gabon (2018). L2 users: 1,050,000 (2018).
1 (National)
Non-indigenous. The only language of formal education.
View other languages of Gabon
French
16,400 in Georgia (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Georgia
French
254,000 in Ghana (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Ghana
French
3,320,000 in Guinea (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Guinea
French
74,900 in Guinea-Bissau, all users. L1 users: 1,000 in Guinea-Bissau (2018). L2 users: 73,900 (2015 UNSD).
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Guinea-Bissau
French
97,500 in Croatia (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Croatia
French
4,673,200 in Haiti, all users. L1 users: 3,200 in Haiti (2015 J. Leclerc). L2 users: 4,670,000 (Beck et al 2018).
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Haiti
French
500,000 in Israel, all users. L1 users: 37,000 in Israel (Leclerc 2018a). L2 users: 463,000 (Beck et al 2018).
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Israel
French
10,000 in India (2008).
Puducherry Union Territory.
2 (Provincial)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of India
French
9,756,000 in Italy, all users. L1 users: 116,000 in Italy (2012 census). L2 users: 9,640,000 (European Commission 2012).
Valle d’Aosta region.
2 (Provincial)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Italy
French
2,100 in Kenya (2021 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity.
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Kenya
French
473,600 in Cambodia, all users. L1 users: 16,600 in Cambodia (2019 J. Leclerc). L2 users: 457,000 (2020).
Scattered.
3 (Wider communication)
Non-indigenous. French is more common among those who were educated before 1975.
View other languages of Cambodia
French
8,200 in Kuwait (2020 Joshua Project).
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Kuwait
French
2,311,800 in Lebanon, all users. L1 users: 31,800 in Lebanon (2020). L2 users: 2,280,000 (Beck et al 2018).
Scattered.
3 (Wider communication)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Lebanon
French
68,200 in Lithuania (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Lithuania
French
543,600 in Luxembourg, all users. L1 users: 57,600 in Luxembourg (2011 census). L2 users: 486,000 (2018).
1 (National)
View other languages of Luxembourg
French
21,600 in Latvia (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Latvia
French
37,700 in Monaco, all users. L1 users: 11,100 in Monaco (2019). L2 users: 26,600 (2019).
1 (National)
View other languages of Monaco
French
55,000 in Moldova (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Moldova
French
12,900 in Montenegro (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Montenegro
French
5,250,000 in Madagascar, all users. L1 users: 30,000 in Madagascar (2020 J. Leclerc). L2 users: 5,220,000 (2018).
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Madagascar
French
42,700 in North Macedonia (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of North Macedonia
French
3,238,000 in Mali, all users. L1 users: 18,000 in Mali (2019). L2 users: 3,220,000 (2018).
1 (National)
Non-indigenous. Official language for instruction in schools.
View other languages of Mali
French
610,210 in Mauritania, all users. L1 users: 6,210 in Mauritania (2018). L2 users: 604,000 (Beck et al 2018).
Widespread.
3 (Wider communication)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Mauritania
French
56,900 in Malta, all users. L1 users: 30,600 in Malta (2014 UNSD). L2 users: 26,300 (2018).
Scattered.
4 (Educational)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Malta
French
921,000 in Mauritius, all users. L1 users: 51,000 in Mauritius (Leclerc 2018c). L2 users: 870,000 (2018).
Widespread.
3 (Wider communication)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Mauritius
French
93,900 in Mozambique, all users. L1 users: 2,300 in Mozambique (2020 Joshua Project). L2 users: 91,600 (Beck et al 2018).
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Mozambique
French
276,300 in New Caledonia, all users. L1 users: 68,300 in New Caledonia (2009 census). L2 users: 208,000 (2018).
South province: Nouméa.
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of New Caledonia
French
2,835,000 in Niger, all users. L1 users: 5,000 in Niger (2019). L2 users: 2,830,000 (2018).
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Niger
French
3,227,900 in Netherlands, all users. L1 users: 27,900 in Netherlands (2019). L2 users: 3,200,000 (2018).
Widespread.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Netherlands
French
162,500 in Norway, all users. L1 users: 16,500 in Norway (2021 census). , based on nationality. L2 users: 146,000 (2018).
Scattered.
4 (Educational)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Norway
French
49,100 in New Zealand (2013 census).
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of New Zealand
French
278,600 in French Polynesia, all users. L1 users: 55,600 in French Polynesia (2018). L2 users: 223,000 (2018). 35,000 monolinguals.
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of French Polynesia
French
948,890 in Poland, all users. L1 users: 8,890 in Poland (2013 UNSD). L2 users: 940,000 (2018).
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Poland
French
6,340 in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (2018). 100% of the population (Beck et al 2018).
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
French
2,590,600 in Portugal, all users. L1 users: 10,600 in Portugal (2007 J. Leclerc). L2 users: 2,580,000 (2018).
Widespread.
4 (Educational)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Portugal
French
114,500 in Qatar, all users. L1 users: 8,500 in Qatar (2019). L2 users: 106,000 (2018).
Scattered.
4 (Educational)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Qatar
French
777,000 in Réunion, all users. L1 users: 189,000 in Réunion (2019). L2 users: 588,000 (2018).
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Réunion
French
619,000 in Russian Federation (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Russian Federation
French
727,030 in Rwanda, all users. L1 users: 3,030 in Rwanda (2011 UNSD). L2 users: 724,000 (Beck et al 2018).
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Rwanda
French
51,190 in Seychelles, all users. L1 users: 690 in Seychelles (2019 World Factbook). L2 users: 50,500 (Beck et al 2018).
1 (National)
Non-indigenous. Spoken by French settler families, grands blancs.
View other languages of Seychelles
French
927,000 in Sweden, all users. L1 users: 18,000 in Sweden (2020 census). , based on nationality. L2 users: 909,000 (European Commission 2012).
Scattered.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Sweden
French
50,000 in Slovenia (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Slovenia
French
4,210,000 in Senegal, all users. L1 users: 100,000 in Senegal (Diouf et al 2017). L2 users: 4,110,000 (2020).
Widespread.
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Senegal
French
10,100 in Syria (2019).
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Syria
French
5,686,200 in Togo, all users. L1 users: 6,200 in Togo (2019). L2 users: 5,680,000 (Beck et al 2018).
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Togo
French
580,900 in Thailand, all users. L1 users: 13,900 in Thailand (2010 census). L2 users: 567,000 (Beck et al 2018).
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Thailand
French
6,081,200 in Tunisia, all users. L1 users: 1,200 in Tunisia (2015 J. Leclerc). L2 users: 6,080,000 (Beck et al 2018).
Widespread.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Tunisia
French
52,800 in Ukraine (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Ukraine
French
2,123,000 in United States, all users. L1 users: 1,250,000 in United States (2015 census). L2 users: 873,000 (2018).
Maine; New Hampshire; Vermont.
Québécois, Acadian (Acadien).
5 (Dispersed)
Non-indigenous. Christian.
View other languages of United States
French
20,500 in Uruguay (2018).
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Uruguay
French
88,800 in Vanuatu, all users. L1 users: 1,800 in Vanuatu (2019). L2 users: 87,000 (2018).
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Vanuatu
French
9,660 in Wallis and Futuna, all users. L1 users: 1,130 in Wallis and Futuna (2018 census). L2 users: 8,530 (2018).
1 (National)
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Wallis and Futuna
French
7,200 in Zambia (2017 J. Leclerc).
Unestablished
Non-indigenous.
View other languages of Zambia