Thailand

Languages

Aheu thm

Sakon Nakhon province: Song Dao district, Thavung, 3 villages. Users: 450 in Thailand (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 1,500 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 700. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Phon Soung, So, So Thavung, Sotawueng, Thavung Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Thavung

Akeu aeu

Chiang Rai province: Mae Suai and Wiang Pa Pao districts. Users: 400 in Thailand (2006 E. Johnson). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Akheu, Aki, Akui, Gaolkheel, Gokhy Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern

Akha ahk

Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, and Mae Hong Son provinces. 250 villages. Users: 56,600 in Thailand (Bradley 2007a). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Ahka, Aini, Ak’a, Aka, Ikor, Yani, “Ekaw” (pej.), “Ikaw” (pej.), “Kaw” (pej.), “Kha Ko” (pej.), “Khako” (pej.), “Khao Kha Ko” (pej.), “Ko” (pej.) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern

Ban Khor Sign Language bfk

Lampang province: Ban Khor village. Users: 400 (Nonaka 2009), all users. Conservative estimate: 15%–25% of the village signs to some extent. L1 users: 16 deaf users, plus an unknown number of hearing L1 users. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: BKSL, Pasa Kidd Classification: Sign language, Shared sign language

Bengali ben

Users: 35,000 in Thailand (Leclerc 2019a). , based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese

Bisu bzi

Chiang Rai province: Doi Chomphu and Pui Kham villages. Users: 700 (2016 K. Person). No monolinguals (2015 K. Person). Ethnic population: 700 (2018 K. Person). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Lawa, Lua, Mbisu, Mibisu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern, Bisoid

Blang blr

Chiang Rai province: Mae Sai and Mae Chan districts; some west of Bangkok. Users: 1,200 in Thailand (1998 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bulang, Hkawa, K’ala, K’wa, Kawa, Khon Doi, Kontoi, Plang, Pula, Pulang, Sen Chun, Wa Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Bulang

Bru, Western brv

Ubon Ratchathani, Mukdahan, Nakhon Phanom, and Sakon Nakhon provinces. Users: 20,000 in Thailand (1991). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: B’ru, Baru, Bruu Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Bru

Burmese mya

Users: 828,000 in Thailand (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern

Cham, Western cja

Krung Thep province: Ban Khrue section of city (Bangkok), otherwise scattered. Users: 4,000 in Thailand. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Cambodian Cham, Chăm, Cham, New Cham, Tjam Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Coastal, Cham

Chiangmai Sign Language csd

Chiang Mai province: Scattered. Users: 10 (2019 J. Woodward), decreasing. 10 is an estimated maximum. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Chiengmai Sign Language, OCMSL, Old Chiang Mai Sign Language, Old Chiangmai Sign Language, Original Chiang Mai Sign Language, Original Chiangmai Sign Language Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language

Chinese, Hakka hak

Chiang Mai province; Krung Thep province: Samphanthawong district; Nakhon Ratchasima and Udon Thani provinces: urban areas; Nan province: Mueang district and municipal districts. Users: 79,000 in Thailand (Leclerc 2019a). , based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Developing). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Mandarin cmn

Krung Thep province: dispersed through provincial towns and south in Kra peninsula. Users: 76,000 in Thailand (Leclerc 2019a). , based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Min Bei mnp

Users: 14,000 in Thailand (Leclerc 2019a). , based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Developing). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Min Dong cdo

Chumphon and Nakhon Si Thammarat provinces: main towns Chandi, Nabon, and Lamae. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Eastern Min Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Min Nan nan

Krung Thep province; used in capital cities of Chiang Mai, Nakhon Ratchasima, and Udon Thani provinces; used in other urban areas. Southern Min constitute the majority of Thai Chinese and speak the Teochew dialect. Users: 1,520,000 in Thailand (Leclerc 2019a). 1,060,000 Chaochow, 17,600 Fujian, 5,880 Hainanese (1984). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Banlamgi, Min Nan, Minnan Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Yue yue

Scattered in Suphan Buri province. Users: 40,000 in Thailand (Leclerc 2019a). , based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Cantonese, Yue, Yueh Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chong cog

Chanthaburi province: Khao Khitchakut district, 4 villages; Trat province. Users: 500 in Thailand (Bradley 2007b), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Chawng, Chuang, Shong, Xong Autonym: พะซาช์อง‎ (pha sāch̒ xng) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Pearic, Western, Chong

English eng

Users: 18,924,000 in Thailand, all users. L1 users: 324,000 in Thailand (2010 census). L2 users: 18,600,000 (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English

French fra

Users: 580,900 in Thailand, all users. L1 users: 13,900 in Thailand (2010 census). L2 users: 567,000 (Beck et al 2018). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French

German, Standard deu

Users: 11,100 in Thailand (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German

Hindi hin

Bangkok, Mookherji area. Users: 22,900 in Thailand (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Hindustani

Hmong Daw mww

Phetchabun, Tak, Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Nan, Chiang Rai, Phitsanulok, Loei, Sukhothai, Kamphaeng Phet, Phrae, Phayao, Uttaradit, and Lampang provinces. Users: 32,400 in Thailand (2000). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bai Miao, Chuan Miao, Hmong Der, Hmoob Dawb, Pe Miao, Peh Miao, White Hmong, White Lum, White Miao, “Meo Kao” (pej.), “White Meo” (pej.) Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Hmong Njua hnj

Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Kamphaeng Phet, Loei, Mae Hong Son, Nan, Phayao, Phetchabun, Phrae, Sukhothai, Tak, Uthai Thani, and Uttaradit provinces. Users: 60,000 in Thailand (Hattaway 2003). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ching Miao, Green Hmong, Hmong Leng, Hmong Nzhua, Hmoob Leeg, Lu Miao, Mong Leng, Mong Ntsua, Qing Miao, Tak Miao, “Blue Meo” (pej.), “Green Meo” (pej.), “Meo Dam” (pej.), “Meo Lai” (pej.) Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Iu Mien ium

Chiang Rai, Phayao, Lampang, Kamphaeng Phet, and Nan provinces; possibly in Chiang Mai and Sukhothai provinces. 159 villages. Users: 45,000 in Thailand (Leclerc 2019a). , based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Highland Yao, Iu Mienh, Mian, Mien, Mienh, Myen, Pan Yao, Yao, Yao Mienh, Yiu Mien, Youmian Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin

Japanese jpn

Users: 70,700 in Thailand (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Japonic

Jehai jhi

Narathiwat province. Users: Ethnic population: 150 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Eastern

Karen, Phrae Pwo kjt

Phrae, Lampang, and Chiang Rai provinces. Users: 6,000 (Dawkins and Phillips 2009a). Total Karen: 441,000 (2010 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Northeastern Pwo Karen, Phrae, Prae, Pwo Phrae Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Peripheral

Karen, Pwo Northern pww

Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Tak provinces; Mae Hong Son province: Mae Sarieng town, Mae Ngaw along Salween river, 15–25 villages, Hot to Mae Sarieng. Users: 60,000 (1983 SIL). Total Karen: 441,000 (2010 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Phlon, Phlong Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Peripheral

Karen, Pwo West-Central Thailand kjp

Kanchanaburi, Phetchaburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ratchaburi, Suphan Buri, and Uthai Thani provinces; Tak province: Umphang and Phop Phra districts. Kanchanaburi dialect is north, Ratchaburi-Phetchaburi dialect is south. Users: 50,000 in Thailand (1998). Total Karen: 441,000 (2010 census. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Phlou, Southern Pwo Karen Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Peripheral

Karen, S’gaw ksw

Tak, Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Kanchanaburi, and Kamphaeng Phet provinces, near Myanmar border. Users: 200,000 in Thailand (2006 Mahidol University). Total Karen: 441,000 (2010 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Burmese Karen, Kanyaw, Karen, Paganyaw, Pwakanyaw, S’gau, S’gaw, S’gaw Kayin, White, Yang Khao Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Southern

Kayah, Eastern eky

Mae Hong Son province. Users: 18,000 in Thailand (2000). 2 camps of 15,000 refugees from Myanmar. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Karennyi, Kayah, Kayay, Kayeh, Red Karen, “Yang Daeng” (pej.) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Central

Kensiu kns

Yala province: Thanto district. Users: 9 in Thailand (2015 N. Bishop). Ethnic population: 250 (Bradley 2007a). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Belubn, Kansiw, Kense, Kenseu, Kensieu, Kensiw, Maniq, Mawas, Mengo, Meni, Menik, Moni, Monik, Moniq, Mos, Ngok Pa, Orang Bukit, Orang Liar, Tiong, “Sakai” (pej.) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Western

Khamen Padong scq

Kanchanaburi province: Si Sawat district, Ban Thung Na. Users: 20 in Thailand (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Chu’ung, Chung, Padong Khmer, Ut Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Pearic, Western, Chong

Khmer, Northern kxm

Surin, Buriram, Chanthaburi, Sisaket, and Ubon Ratchathani provinces. Users: 1,400,000 (2006 Mahidol University), decreasing. Very few monolinguals. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Khmer Lue, Thailand Khmer, Upper Khmer Autonym: เขมรถิ่นไทย‎ (khmĕ :n thìn thai) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Khmer

Khmu kjg

Chiang Rai, Nan, and Phayao provinces. Scattered throughout Thailand. Users: 6,250 in Thailand (Luangthongkum 2007). , based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kamhmu, Kammu, Kamu, Kha Khmu, Khamu, Khamuk, Khmu’, Kmhmu, Luu, Mou, Pouteng, Tmooy Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Khmu’

Khün kkh

Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai provinces. Users: 6,280 in Thailand (2000). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Gon Shan, Hkun, Khuen, Khun Shan, Tai Khün Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Kintaq knq

Southern Yala province. Users: 1 in Thailand (2017 N. Bishop). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Kenta, Kintaq Bong, Kintk, Maniq Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Western

Korean kor

Users: 13,000 in Thailand (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Koreanic

Kuay kdt

Surin, Buriram, Sisaket, and Ubon Ratchathani provinces: near Cambodian and Laos borders. Users: 400,000 in Thailand (2006 Mahidol University). Few monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 456,600. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Cuoi, Khamen-Boran, Kui, Kui Souei, Kuoy, Kuy, Soai, Suai, Suay, Suei, Sui, Suoi Autonym: กวย‎ (Kuay), กูย‎ (Kuuy) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Kuay

Lahu lhu

Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Kamphaeng Phet, Mae Hong Son, Yala provinces: 119 known villages. Users: 32,000 in Thailand (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Muhso, Muhsur, Mussar, Musso, Mussuh, “Lohei” (pej.) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Lahu Si lhi

Chiang Rai, Lampang, and Chiang Mai provinces; near Pua and Nan; separate enclaves in Tak and Phayao provinces. Users: 15,000 in Thailand (2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lad hur Si, Lahu Shi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Lao lao

Scattered. Users: 60,200 in Thailand (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Lawa, Eastern lwl

Chiang Mai province: Hot district, Bo Luang and Bo Sali sub-districts, 16 villages. Users: 7,000 (Nahhas 2011). Ethnic population: 8,000 (Nahhas 2011). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lavua, “Lua” (pej.) Autonym: ละเวือะ‎ (Lawa) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Lawa

Lawa, Western lcp

Chiang Mai and Mae Hong Son provinces. Users: 8,000 (Nahhas 2011). Ethnic population: 8,500 (Nahhas 2011). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: L’wa, Lava, Lavua, Lavüa, Mae Hong Son Lawa, Mountain Lawa, “Lua” (pej.), “Luwa” (pej.) Autonym: ละเวือะ‎ (Lawa) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Lawa

Lisu lis

Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Kamphaeng Phet, Mae Hong Son, Phayao, Sukhothai, and Tak provinces. Users: 40,000 in Thailand (Bradley 2007b). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Li-Hsaw, Li-Shaw, Lisaw, Liso, Lu-Tzu, Southern Lisu, Yao Yen, Yaw Yin, Yaw-Yen, Yeh-Jen Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Lü khb

Nan and Phayao provinces; scattered in north. Users: 83,000 in Thailand (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Lu, Lue, Pai-I, Pai-Yi, Shui-Pai-I, Tai Lu, Tai Lue, Thai Lu Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Mal mlf

Nan province: east of Pua district and Chiang Kam, valley near northern Laos border. Users: 3,500 in Thailand (1982 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ht’in, Khatin, Lua, Ma’di, T’in, Thin, Tin Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Mal-Prai

Malay, Pattani mfa

Narathiwat, Pattani, and Yala provinces; Songkhla province: Saba Yoi and Thepha districts. Users: 1,470,000 (2010 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Jawi, Jawi-Malay, Yawi, oré Jawi Autonym: ภาษายาวี‎ (Baso Jawi) Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

Malay, Satun meo

A few villages near Satun. Isolated. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kedah Malay Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

Mlabri mra

Nan province: Na Noi and Wiang Sa districts; Phrae province: Rong Kwang and Song districts. Users: 400 in Thailand (2017 F. Lipsius), increasing. Ethnic population: 400 (2017 F. Lipsius). Total users in all countries: 440. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Luang, Ma Ku, Mabri, Mla, Mrabri, Yumbri, “Phi Thong Lueang” (pej.), “Spirits of the Yellow Leaf” (pej.) Autonym: มละบริ‎ (Mlabri) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mlabri

Mok mqt

Chiang Rai province: 5 villages. Users: 700 in Thailand (2018 S. Devereux). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: A Mŏk, Loi, Loi Cim, Muak, ʔape, “Hsem” (pej.), “Hsen Hsum” (pej.), “Shim Ceem” (pej.) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic

Moken mwt

Ranong, Phangnga, Phuket (southernmost tip), and Krabi provinces: southwest coast, offshore islands, Andaman Sea and Straits of Malacca. Users: 2,000 in Thailand (Bradley 2007a). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Basing, Chau Ko’, Mawken, Salon, Salong, Selong, Selung Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Moklen

Moklen mkm

Phangnga and Phuket provinces: west coast. Users: 1,500 (1984 D. Hogan), decreasing. Ethnic population: 4,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Chau Pok Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Moklen

Mon mnw

Kanchanaburi, Nakhon Pathom, Pathum Thani, Ratchaburi, and Samut Sakhon provinces. Users: 108,000 in Thailand (2000). 70,000–120,000, total population (Bauer 1984). 1983 census estimated 100,000; about 50,000 L1 speakers (Foster 1972; Smalley 1994). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aleng, Mun, Peguan, Takanoon, Talaing, Taleng Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Monic

Mpi mpz

Phrae province: Ban Dong district, east of provincial capital; Nan province: Ban Sakoen district. Users: 900 (Nahhas 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,500 (Nahhas 2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kaw Autonym: ก้อ‎ (Kaw), มปี้‎ (Mpi) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern

Nyahkur cbn

Bueng Kan, Chaiyaphum, Kalasin, Nakhon Ratchasima, Phetchabun, Phitsanulok, and Sakon Nakhon provinces. Users: 1,500 (2006 C. Shimmin), decreasing. No monolinguals. It appears the last monolingual speakers likely died out no later than the 1950s (2017 C. Shimmin). Ethnic population: 3,000 (Thongkum 1984). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Chao Dong, Chaodon, Lawa, Niakuol, Niakuoll, Nyah Kur, Nyakur, “Chaobon” (pej.), “Chaobun” (pej.), “Chaubun” (pej.) Autonym: ญัฮกุ้ร‎ (Nyah Kur), เนียะกวล‎ (Niakuol) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Southern Monic

Nyaw nyw

Mukdahan province: Wan Yai and Don Tan districts; Nakhon Phanom province: Tha Uthen, Na Wa, and Phon Sawan districts; Nong Khai province: Tha Bo district; Sakon Nakhon province: Mueang, Kut Bak, Song Dao, and Warit Chaphum districts; Sa Kaeo province: isolated area on Cambodia border; Bueng Kan, Maha Sarakham, and Udon Thani provinces. Users: 80,000 (Hattaway 2005). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Jo, Nyo, Nyoh, Yo Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Nyeu nyl

Sisaket province: Mueang Sisaket district, Phon Kho sub-district; Phrai Bueng district, Prasat Yoe sub-district. Users: 3,000 (Phimjun 2004). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Yeu, Yoe Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Kuay

Pa’o blk

Mae Hong Son province. Users: 740 in Thailand (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Black Karen, Pa Oh, Pa’O, Pa’o Karen, Pa-Oh, Pa-U, Taungtu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Peripheral

Palaung, Pale pce

Chiang Mai province: Fang district, No Lae village. Users: 5,000 in Thailand (1989). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Di-Ang, Ngwe Palaung, Palay, Pale, Silver Palaung, Southern Palaung, Ta-Ang Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung

Phu Thai pht

Amnat Charoen, Kalasin, Mukdahan, Nakhon Phanom, Sakon Nakhon, Udon Thani, Yasothon, and Roi Et provinces. Possibly also in China. Users: 470,000 in Thailand (2006 Mahidol University). Total users in all countries: 897,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Phutai, Phuu Thai, Poutai, Putai, Puthai Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Phuan phu

Chachoengsao, Chaiyaphum, Lop Buri, Nakhon Nayok, Phetchabun, Phichit, Prachin Buri, and Sara Buri provinces; Bueng Kan province, isolated area, 1 village south of Bangkok. Users: 200,000 in Thailand (2006 Mahidol University). Total users in all countries: 307,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lao Phuan, Phoan, Phu Un, Phu-uen, Phuon, Poan, Puan Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Prai prt

Nan province: Bo Klua, Chalerm Prakiat, Chiang Klang, Pua and Thung Chang districts. Users: 20,000 in Thailand (2001 D. Jordon). Possibly 3,000 Ban Wen dialect speakers. Total users in all countries: 48,700. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Lao Prai, Lua Prai, Lua’, Phai, Pray, Thin, “Htin” (pej.) Autonym: ไปร‎ (Prai) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Mal-Prai

Punjabi, Eastern pan

Users: 62,000 in Thailand (Leclerc 2019a). , based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Panjabi

Rohingya rhg

Political refugees from the Rakhine states in Myanmar without legal status, housed in camps largely in southernmost provinces, although there are also Rohingya held in western and eastern provinces of Kanchanaburi, Mukdahan, and Ubon Ratchathani. Users: 5,000 in Thailand (2017 The Arakan Project). , based on nationality. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese

Saek skb

Nakhon Phanom province: Mueang Nakhon Phanom district, At Samat sub-district; Na Wa district, Tha Ruea sub-district. Users: Total L1 speakers in Laos and Thailand: 10,000 with a total ethnic population of 20,000. The majority of the speakers are in Laos (Bradley 2007a). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sek, Tai Sek, Xec, Xek Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern

Samre sxm

Trat province: Bo Rai district, Nonsi sub-district. Users: 10 in Thailand (Ploykaew 2001). 10–20 semi-speakers (Ploykaew 2001). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Pearic, Western, Samre

Shan shn

Chiang Mai, Mae Hong Son, and Tak provinces; Chiang Rai: Mae Sai district. Users: 95,000 in Thailand (2006 Mahidol University). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Great Thai, Sam, Sha, Tai Luang, Tai Shan, Tai Yay, Thai Yay, “Ngeo” (pej.), “Ngiao” (pej.), “Ngiaw” (pej.), “Ngio” (pej.), “Ngiow” (pej.) Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Sinhala sin

Bangkok area. Users: 72,000 in Thailand (Leclerc 2019a). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern, Sinhalese-Maldivian

So sss

Kalasin, Nakhon Phanom, Nong Khai, Sakon Nakhon provinces: 53 villages. Users: 70,000 in Thailand (2006 Mahidol University). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: “Kha So” (pej.) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Bru

Tai Dam blt

Loei province; Chiang Khan district, Khao Kaeo sub-district, Ban Na Pa Nat village. Users: 700 in Thailand (2004). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Black Tai, Jinping Dai, Thai Den, ʼTáy Ðăm Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Tai Ya cuu

Chiang Rai province: Mae Chan district, Mae Rai sub-district, Ban Pa Sak Khwang; Mae Sai district, Huay Khrai sub-district, Ban Nam Bor Khaw and Ban Pa Sak Khwang; Mueang Chiang Rai district. Users: 400 in Thailand (Dawkins and Kirkland 2008), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,000 (Dawkins and Kirkland 2008). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dai Ya, Huayaodai, Tai Chung, Ya Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Tamil tam

Scattered in Chiang Mai, Krung Thep, and Phuket provinces. Users: 38,000 in Thailand (Leclerc 2019a). , based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil

Ten’edn tnz

Phatthalung, Trang, Satun, and Songkhla provinces. Users: 350 in Thailand (2014 SIL). Total users in all countries: 365. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Maniq, Mos, Tean-ean, Ten’en, Tonga, Tonga-Mos Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Tonga

Thai tha

Widespread. Ratchasima province (Khorat dialect). Users: 60,200,000 in Thailand, all users. L1 users: 20,200,000 in Thailand (2000). L2 users: 40,000,000 (2001 A. Diller). Total users in all countries: 60,685,590 (as L1: 20,685,590; as L2: 40,000,000). Status: 1 (National). De facto national language. Alternate Names: Bangkok Thai, Central Thai, Siamese, Standard Thai, Thai Klang, Thaiklang Autonym: ภาษาไทย‎ Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Thai Sign Language tsq

Scattered. Major regional centers and Bangkok. Users: 200,000 (2008 WFD). Estimated 90,000–300,000 deaf (2008 WFD); another older estimate: 51,000 profoundly, prelingually deaf people in Thailand (1997 C. Reilly). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: MSTSL, Modern Standard Thai Sign Language, TSL, ThSL Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language

Thai Song soa

Kanchanaburi, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Sawan, Phetchaburi, and Phitsanulok provinces: possibly in Suphan Buri province. Users: 32,300 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Chao Song, Lao Song, Lao Song Dam, Song, Tai Song Dam, Thai Soang Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Thai, Northeastern tts

Widespread, in northeast Thailand. Users: 15,000,000 (1983 SIL). At least 1,000,000 in Bangkok. Kalerng has a few thousand speakers (1990 A. Diller). Status: 6a (Vigorous). De facto language of provincial identity in east, northeast provinces. Alternate Names: Esarn, Isaan, Issan, Thai Isaan Autonym: อีสาน‎ (Isan) Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Thai, Northern nod

Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Kamphaeng Phet, Lampang, Lamphun, Mae Hong Son, Nan, Phayao, Phrae, Sukhothai, Tak, Uttaradit provinces. Users: 6,000,000 in Thailand (1983 SIL). Total users in all countries: 6,029,500. Status: 3 (Wider communication). De facto language of provincial identity in northern provinces. Northern Thai is used as a language of wider communication among many of the tribal groups in Northern Thailand (Herington et al 2013). Alternate Names: Kam Mu’ang, Kammyang, Kammüang, Khon, Khon Mueang, Khon Myang, Khonmuang, La Nya, Lan Na, Lanatai, Lanna, Mu’ang, Mueang, Mung, Myang, Payap, Phayap, Phyap, Tai Nya, Western Laotian, “Tai Yon” (pej.), “Tai Yuan” (pej.), “Yuan” (pej.) Autonym: คำเมือง‎ (Kam Mueang) Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Thai, Southern sou

Surat Thani, Chumphon, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Songkhla, Phatthalung, Ranong, Phangnga, Phuket, Krabi, Trang, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Pattani, Yala, and Satun provinces; Muslim Thai dialect. Users: 4,500,000 in Thailand (2006 Mahidol University). Total users in all countries: 4,508,200. Status: 5 (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in southeasternmost 15 provinces. Alternate Names: Dambro, Pak Tai, Pak Thai, Paktay Autonym: ภาษาไทยถิ่นใต้‎ (P̣hās̄ʹā thịy t̄hìn tı̂) Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Ugong ugo

Suphan Buri province: northwestern; Uthai Thani province: southwestern. Users: 150 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 500 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Gong, Lawa, Ugawng Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Unclassified

Urak Lawoi’ urk

Krabi province: Jam and PhiPhi Don islands; Phuket province: Laem Tukae, Rawai, and Sepam villages, all on main Phuket island; Trang province: Lanta island; Satun province: Adung, Bulon, and Lipae islands. Users: 5,000 (2012 S. Pattemore). Ethnic population: 3,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Chaw Talay, Lawoi, Lawta, Lumoh Lawoi’, Olang Lawta, Orak Lawoi’, “Chawnam” (pej.) Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic

Vietnamese vie

Long-established small communities in Bangkok and scattered in southeastern provinces. Users: 8,280 in Thailand (2010 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Vietnamese

Wa, Parauk prk

Scattered; probably north, northwest. Users: 6,700 in Thailand (2008 P. Hopple). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Wa

Yong yno

Chiang Mai province: San Kamphaeng district; Lamphun province: Pa Sang, Mae The, and Mueang Lamphun districts. Users: 12,600 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nyong Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Yoy yoy

Sakon Nakhon province: Akat Amnuai district, Akat, Ba Wa, Wa Yai, sub-districts; Phang Khon district and Sawang Daen Din district. Users: 7,000 in Thailand (Schliesinger 2001). Total users in all countries: 9,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dioi, Du’o’i, Duoi, Giy, I, Jui, Lao Yuai, Yay, Yi, Yoe, Yoi, Yooi, Yooy, Yuai, Yueai Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern