South Sudan

Languages

Acholi ach

Eastern Equatoria state: Magwi and Torit counties, Acholi hills. Users: 88,000 in South Sudan (2017). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Acoli, Acooli, Akoli, Atscholi, Dok Acoli, Gang, Log Acoli, Lwo, Shuli Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Southern, Luo-Acholi, Alur-Acholi, Lango-Acholi

Aja aja

Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Kparakpara just west of Raga. Users: 200 (1993 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Adja, Ajja Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Kresh

Anuak anu

Jonglei state: Akobo and Pochalla counties. Users: 131,000 in South Sudan (2017). Total users in all countries: 223,710 (as L1: 221,600; as L2: 2,110). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Anyuak, Anywa, Anywaa, Anywak, Dha Anyuaa, Dha Anywak, Dho Anywaa, Jambo, Nuro, dho-Anywaa Autonym: Dha Anywaa Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Anuak

Arabic, Standard arb

Scattered. Users: 3,130,000 in South Sudan (2016 SIL), all users. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Arabic, Sudanese Spoken apd

Widespread. Users: 345,000 in South Sudan (2021 Joshua Project), increasing. , based on ethnicity. Status: 3 (Wider communication). De facto language of national identity. Used as a lingua franca in northern South Sudan and now widely spoken by hundreds of thousands of South Sudanese arriving from the North following South Sudan’s independence. Alternate Names: Arabi, Khartoum Arabic, Sudanese Arabic Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Avokaya avu

Central Equatoria state: Yei River state: Yei county; Western Equatoria state: Maridi and Mundri West counties. Sudan-Congo border south of Maridi (Ajugu dialect); mainly between Naam and Olo rivers and east (Ojila dialect). Users: 74,000 in South Sudan (2017). Total users in all countries: 99,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Abukeia, Avukaya Autonym: Ãvõkáyã Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Central

Bai bdj

Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Wau-Deim Zubeir road; possibly 2 villages north of Tembura. Users: 2,500 (Welmers 1971a). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bari Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Sere-Bviri, Bai-Viri

Baka bdh

Central Equatoria state: Yei county, northwest of Yei; Western Equatoria state: Maridi county, south and west of Maridi. Users: 61,000 in South Sudan (2017). Total users in all countries: 62,300. Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)), primary education, literacy efforts. Alternate Names: Tara Baka Autonym: baká e Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Baka

Banda-Banda bpd

Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga county, Banda Linda, and Sopo areas, interspersed with other Banda languages. Users: 5,000 speakers in South Sudan of all Banda languages (2014 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Banda-Banda

Banda-Mbrès bqk

Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga county, Banda Linda and Sopo areas, interspersed with other Banda languages. Users: 5,000 speakers in South Sudan of all Banda languages (2014 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Banda of Mbrès, Banda-Mbre Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Banda-Mbres

Banda-Ndélé bfl

Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga county, Banda Linda and Sopo areas, interspersed with other Banda languages. Users: 5,000 speakers in South Sudan of all Banda languages (2014 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Banda of Ndélé, Nyele Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Banda-Ndele

Banda, Mid-Southern bjo

Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga county, Banda Linda and Sopo areas, interspersed with other Banda languages. Users: 5,000 speakers in South Sudan of all Banda languages (2014 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Mid-Southern

Banda, Togbo-Vara tor

Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga county, southeast of Sopo town. Users: 5,000 speakers in South Sudan of all Banda languages (2014 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Togbo-Vara

Banda, West Central bbp

Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga country, between Mboro and Wau. Users: 3,000 in South Sudan (1982). 5,000 speakers in South Sudan of all Banda languages (2014 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Golo Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, West Central

Bari bfa

Central Equatoria state: Juba and Lainya counties; both banks of the Nile, south of Terakeka on west bank, Mongalla on east bank. Users: 941,000, all users. L1 users: 766,000 (2017). L2 users: 175,000 (2013 SIL). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Regional language chosen for development by Rejaf Conference 1928. Autonym: Bari Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Bari

Belanda Bor bxb

Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Jur River county, Ayo, Bazia, Gitten, Raffili Tirga, and Taban villages; Western Equatoria state: Nagero county, Tambura town, Bangazegino, Komai, and Nagero villages. Users: 26,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: De Bor Autonym: Di Bor Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Bor

Belanda Viri bvi

Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Jur River county, Bagari, Bringi, Dadu, Farajallah, Momoyi, Natabo, Ngisa, Ngoku, Ngongba, Ngotakala, and Raffili villages; Raga county, Kuru; Western Equatoria state: Ibba and Tambura counties. Users: 73,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Belanda, Biri, Bviri, Gamba, Gumba, Mbegumba, Mvegumba Autonym: Viri Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Sere-Bviri, Bai-Viri

Beli blm

Central Equatoria state: Terekeka county; Lakes state: Wulu county, south and west of Rumbek. Users: 65,000 (2009 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)), primary education, literacy efforts. Alternate Names: ’Beli, Behli, Beili, Jur Beli Autonym: ’Bëlї Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli

Boguru bqu

Western Equatoria state: Ibba and Yambio counties, Baambu, Bagasu, Ibba, and Mariko villages. Users: No known L1 speakers in South Sudan. Last speaker in South Sudan died in 2011 (2011 A. Persson). Ethnic population: 500. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Buguru, Kinsong, Kogoro, Koguru Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.302)

Bongo bot

Warrap state: Tonj South county, Aguka and Busere villages; Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Jur and Wau Rivers counties. Users: 21,000 (2017). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dor Autonym: Ndüü Böngö Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Bongo

Didinga did

Eastern Equatoria state: Budi county, Chukudum area; Didinga hills. Users: 100,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)). Alternate Names: ’Di’dinga, Lango, Toi, Xaroxa Autonym: Dĩdĩnga Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Surmic, South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Didinga-Longarim

Dinka din

Users: Population total all languages: 4,226,120. Status:

Dinka, Northeastern dip

Jonglei state: Canal/Pigi and Fangak counties; Unity state: Pariang county; Upper Nile state: Baliet, Melut, and Renk counties. Users: 923,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)), primary education, literacy efforts. Alternate Names: Padang, White Nile Dinka Autonym: Thuɔŋjäŋ Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka

Dinka, Northwestern diw

Unity state: Abiemnhom and Pariang counties; into Abyei area. Users: 93,000 (2017). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Autonym: Thuɔŋjäŋ Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka

Dinka, South Central dib

Mainly Lakes state, except Wulu county southwest; Unity and Warrap states: small border areas. Users: 851,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)). Alternate Names: Central Dinka Autonym: Thuɔŋjäŋ Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka

Dinka, Southeastern dks

Jonglei state: Bor South and Twic East counties. Users: 987,000 in South Sudan (2017). Total users in all countries: 989,120. Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)), primary education, literacy efforts. Alternate Names: Cam, Eastern Dinka Autonym: Thuɔŋjäŋ Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka

Dinka, Southwestern dik

Bahr al Ghazal and Warrap states; Lakes state: Cueibet and Rumbek counties, Jur river area. Users: 1,370,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)), primary education, literacy efforts. Alternate Names: Western Dinka Autonym: Thuɔŋjäŋ Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka

Dongotono ddd

Eastern Equatoria state: Ikotos county, Ikotos division; Lomohidang division, Chakari and Isoke villages. Users: 5,000 (2013 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo

English eng

Widespread. Users: Almost no L1 speakers. Status: 1 (National). Statutory national working language (2011, Constitution, Article 6.2). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English

Feroge fer

Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Kapalala east of Raga. Users: 26,000 (2017). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Feroghe, Ferroge, Kalige, Kaligi, Kalike, Kaliki Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Feroge-Mangaya

Fulfulde, Adamawa fub

Scattered, in Western Bahr al Ghazal state. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Fulfulde Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Eastern

Gbaya krs

Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga and north through Katta, Boro and Kosho to Kafia Kingi, south of Radom National Park. Users: 20,000 in South Sudan, all users. L1 users: 16,000 in South Sudan (2013 SIL). L2 users: 4,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution Article 6(1)). Alternate Names: Gbäyä, Kpala, Kpara, Kparla, Kredj, Kreich, Kreish, Kresh Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Kresh

Homa hom

Gbudwe state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died by 1975. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.304)

Indri idr

Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga county, Sabil Abu Zalah area. Users: 700 (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Yanderika, Yandirika Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Indri-Togoyo

Juba Arabic pga

Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria, and Western Equatoria states: widespread, into Northern Bahr al Ghazal, Western Bahr al Ghazal, and Upper Nile states. Likely spoken in refugee camps in Uganda and Kenya. Users: 1,447,000, all users. L1 users: 247,000 (Avram 2020). With the rapidly changing demographic situation it is very difficult to know the number of L1 or L2 speakers and whether these numbers are increasing or decreasing. L2 users: 1,200,000 (2019 SIL). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Juba Arabic originated as a pidgin language among southern slaves, soldiers, and servants in 19th century trading camps and Turco-Egyptian government stations. Unofficial lingua franca of local government, trade, and urban interaction. Alternate Names: Pidgin Arabic, Southern Sudan Arabic, Sudanese Arabic Creole, Sudanese Creole Arabic Autonym: Arabi Juba Classification: Creole, Arabic based

Jumjum jum

Upper Nile state: northeast Mabaan county, Sudan border area. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Berin, Jiik Mäbaan, Olga, Tüŋ Mäbaan, Wadega, Wadkai Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Mabaan-Burun, Mabaan

Jur Modo bex

Western Equatoria state: Mvolo county. Users: 180,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Jur, Jur Mödö Autonym: Mödö Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli

Kakwa keo

Central Equatoria state: Yei county. Users: 149,000 in South Sudan (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bari Kakwa, Kakua, Kakwak, Kwakwak Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Bari

Keliko kbo

Central Equatoria state: Morobo county. Users: 30,000 in South Sudan (2018 SIL). Total users in all countries: 42,500. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kaliko Autonym: Kẹ̃lị̃kọ́ Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Central

Komo xom

Upper Nile state: Longochuk and Maiwut counties, on Ethiopia border. Users: 26,000 in South Sudan (2017). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aru, Koma, Tta Komo Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Koman

Kuku ukv

Central Equatoria state: Kajo Keji county. Users: 196,000 in South Sudan (2008 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Bari

Lango lno

Eastern Equatoria state: Ikotos county, Ikotos and Lomohidong divisions, Kidepo and Ludwera (Logir dialect); Ikotos division between Ikotos and Chukudum (Logire dialect); Ikotos and Kikire (Lokwaa dialect); Losite division, Lofos and Lotome (Lorwama dialect); Losite division, Bira (Ketebo dialect). Users: 64,000 (2017). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Langgo Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo

Lokoya lky

Central Equatoria state: Juba county, Liria and Ngangala; Eastern Equatoria state: Lafon county, Longairo and Okaru areas. Users: 85,000 (2017). No monolinguals. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ellyria, Koyo, Loirya, Lokoiya, Lokoja, Loquia, Lowoi, Oirya, Owoi, Oxoriok Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo

Lopit lpx

Eastern Equatoria state: Lafon county, north end of Lopit Hills. Users: 117,000 (2017). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lafiit, Lafit, Lafite, Lofit, Lopid, Loppit Autonym: Hutuk na Lopit Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo

Luwo lwo

Warrap state: Gogrial East, Gogrial West, and Tonj North counties; Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Jur River and Wau counties. Users: 257,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)), primary education, literacy efforts. Alternate Names: Dhe Luwo, Dhe Lwo, Dheluwo, Giur, Jo Lwo, Jur, Jur Luo, Jur Luwo, Jur Lwo, Luo, Lwo, dhɛ luuhɔ Autonym: dhe Luuo Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Jur

Ma’di mhi

Central Equatoria state: Juba country; Eastern Equatoria state: Naguri county. Users: 33,000 in South Sudan (2017). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ma’adi, Ma’diti, Mãꞌdí Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Southern

Mabaan mfz

Upper Nile state: Mabaan county. Users: 90,000 (2017 UBS). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Barga, Gura, Ma Baan, Maaban, Maban, Meban, Southern Burun, Tonko, Tungan, Ulu Autonym: Mabaan Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Mabaan-Burun, Mabaan

Mandari mqu

Central Equatoria state: Terakeka county, both sides of the Nile; Western Equatoria state: small area in Mvolo county. Users: 70,000 (2014 T. Stirtz). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Chir, Kir, Mondari, Shir Autonym: Mundari Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Bari

Mangayat myj

Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Zakka, 30 km southeast of Raga on road to Sopo. Users: 400 (1987 SIL). No monolinguals. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Bug, Buga, Mangaya, Mongaiyat Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Feroge-Mangaya

Mittu mwu

Gogrial state. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker survived into the 1940s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Wetu Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli

Mo’da gbn

Lakes state: Wulu county, Dokoo and Wako; Western Equatoria state: Juba and Mvolo counties. Users: 600 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Gbara, Gberi, Gweri, Muda Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli, Morokodo-Mo’da

Morokodo mgc

Western Equatoria state: Maridi, north Mundri West counties, south Mvolo county. Users: 50,000 (2011 A. Persson). 280 Biti (2011 A. Persson). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)), primary education, literacy efforts. Alternate Names: Ma’di, Vïdï Morokodo Autonym: Hᴐ Morokodo Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli, Morokodo-Mo’da

Moru mgd

Western Equatoria state: Mundri East and Mundri West counties. Users: 230,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)). Autonym: Kala Moru Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Northern

Mündü muh

Maridi state: Maridi county, south and southeast of Maridi; Yei River state: northwest Yei county. Users: 23,000 in South Sudan. Total users in all countries: 25,800. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Mondo, Mondu, Mountou, Mundo Autonym: Mündü Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Eastern, Mundu

Murle mur

Jonglei state: Bor and Pibor counties. Users: 196,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Adkibba, Agiba, Ajibba, Beir, Merule, Mourle, Murelei, Murlɛ, Murule Autonym: Murleye Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Surmic, South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Murle

Narim loh

Eastern Equatoria state: north Budi county, 10 villages. Users: 3,620 (Fukui 1984). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Boya, Lariim, Larim, Lariminit, Larimo, Longarim, Nariim Autonym: Laarim Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Surmic, South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Didinga-Longarim

Ndogo ndz

Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Wau county, about 10 villages on Wau-Deim Zubeir road between Mboro and Kpango rivers; Western Equatoria state: north of Tembura. Users: 48,000 (2017). Few monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Autonym: Co Ndogo Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Sere-Bviri, Ndogo-Sere

Njalgulgule njl

Northern Bahr al Ghazal state: Aweil county; Western Bahr al Ghazal state: northwest of Raga, Boro and Gossinga villages. Users: 900 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Bege, Begi, Beko, Ngulgule, Njangulgule, Nyolge, Nyoolne Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Daju, Western Daju

Nuer nus

Jonglei state: north of a Jonglei-to-Pibor Post line; Unity state: south of Bentin town; Upper Nile state: Baliet, Lukapin/Nasir, and Ulang counties; small border areas in Lakes, Northern Bahr al Ghazal, and Warrap states. Users: 1,550,000 in South Sudan (2017). Total users in all countries: 1,706,280 (as L1: 1,705,160; as L2: 1,120). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Naadh Autonym: Naath Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Nuer

Nyamusa-Molo nwm

Central Equatoria state: Terakeka county border areas; Western Equatoria state: southeast Mvolo county, Lesi area. Users: 1,630 (2011 R. Abraham). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli, Morokodo-Mo’da

Olu’bo lul

Central Equatoria state: Juba county, southeast of Juba, Lulba hills, main town is Lokiliri; Eastern Equatoria state. Users: 33,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Lolubo, Luluba, Lulubo, Olu’boti, Olubogo, Oluboti, Ondoe Autonym: Ọ́lụ́ꞌbọ́ Tị Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Southern

Opo lgn

Upper Nile state: Longachuk county, Daga river area, Dajo district (Dana dialect), Paitath (Paytet) district (Bikol dialect), and Katen district (Pilakoy dialect); Maiwut and Nasir counties, Kigile district (Kigile dialect) and Maiwut district (Pame dialect). Users: 15,000 in South Sudan (2019). Self-reported estimate by language community. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ansita, Ciita, Cita, Kina, Kwina, Opo-Shita, Opuo, Opuuo, Po, Pur, Shita, Shitta, T’apo, Upo, Zita, “Langa” (pej.) Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Koman

Otuho lot

Eastern Equatoria state: Ikotos, Magwi, and Torit counties. Users: 312,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Latooka, Lattuka, Latuka, Latuko, Lotuho, Lotuka, Lotuko, Lotuxo, Olotorit, Otuxo Autonym: Otuho Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo

Päri lkr

Eastern Equatoria state: Lafon county, Angulumere, Bura, Kor, Pucwa (Puchwa), Pugäri (Pugeri) and Wiatuo villages. Users: 79,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Beri, Berri, Jo-Pari, Ojwan-Boii, Pari, “Lokoro” (pej.) Autonym: Dhi-Pari Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Unclassified

Reel atu

Lakes state: south Yirol West county. Users: 116,000 (2017). The Kuek and Jikeyi have many monolinguals and are regarded as having the purest form of the language (SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Atuot, Atwot, Thok Cieng Reel, Thok Reel Autonym: Thuɔk ë Rëël Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Nuer

Shilluk shk

Upper Nile state: Fashoda, Malakal, Manyo, and Panyikang counties. Users: 574,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Chulla, Dhocolo, Shulla Autonym: Colo Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Shilluk

Suri, Kacipo-Bale koe

Eastern Equatoria state: northwest corner; Jonglei state: Pibor county, Mewun, Rumeat, and Upper Boma villages on Boma plateau near Ethiopia border. Users: 5,000 in South Sudan (2010 SIL). Almost all monolingual. Total users in all countries: 7,360. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kachepo, Kachipo, Kacipo, Kacipo-Balesi Autonym: Suri Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Surmic, South, Southwest, Kacipo-Balesi

Tennet tex

Eastern Equatoria state: Lafon county, Arilo division, Dorik, Lomorotok, Longilayo, and Lovirang villages. Users: 10,000 (2009 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Tenet, Tennette Autonym: Te̱nne̱tte̱ Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Surmic, South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Tennet

Thuri thu

Northern Bahr al Ghazal state: Aweil Centre county, Bar-Mayen and Nyabulo; Raga county, east of Deim Zubeir on roads to Wau; Lol river west of Marial-Bai. Users: 6,600 (Tucker and Bryan 1956). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Dhe Thuri, Jo Thuri, Shatt, Wada Thuri Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Thuri

Togoyo tgy

Lol state: Raga area. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died in the mid 1980s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Togoy Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Indri-Togoyo

Toposa toq

Eastern Equatoria state: Kapoeta North, Kapoeta South and Kapoeta East counties; along Singaita and Lokalyen rivers. Users: 312,000 in South Sudan (2017). Most are monolingual. Total users in all countries: 315,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Akara, Kare, Kumi, Taposa, Topotha Autonym: ŋatoposa Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Teso-Turkana, Turkana

Uduk udu

Upper Nile state: Mabaan county, on eastern border with Sudan. Users: 22,000 in Sudan and South Sudan (split between the 2 not known). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kebeirka, Korara, Kumus, Kwanim Pa, Othan, Twampa Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Koman

Yulu yul

Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga county; Menangba, 50 km west of Raga (Binga dialect); Khor Buga, 5 km west of Raga (Yulu dialect). Users: 3,000 in South Sudan (1987 SIL). Population is total for both Sudan and South Sudan. 2,000 Yulu, 1,000 Binga. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Youlou Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Kara

Zande zne

Western Equatoria state: Ezo, Ibba, Nagero, Nzara, Tambura, and Yambio counties; parts of Maridi county. Users: 1,100,000 in South Sudan, all users. L1 users: 1,000,000 in South Sudan (2017). L2 users: 100,000 (2013 SIL). Status: 3 (Wider communication). LWC across Gbudwe and Tambura states, for church, market, and media domains. Regional language chosen for development by Rejaf Conference 1928. Alternate Names: Azande, Badjande, Pazande, Sande, Zandi Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Zande, Zande-Nzakara