Iran

Languages

Aimaq aiq

Mazandaran province: scattered. Users: 234,000 in Iran (2019). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian

Alviri-Vidari avd

Markazi province: Saveh area; Qom province. Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh

Arabic, Gulf Spoken afb

Hormozgan province and nearby Persian gulf islands; also Bushehr, Fars, Kerman, and Yazd provinces. Users: 275,000 in Iran (2019). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gulf Arabic Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken acm

Bushehr province: Deylam county; Khuzestan province: southwest Zagros mountains, Shatt al Arab river area. Users: 1,330,000 in Iran (2019). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Arabi, Mesopotamian Gelet Arabic Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Arabic, Standard arb

Widespread. Users: 1,320,000 in Iran (2015 SIL), all users. Status: 4 (Educational). Recognized language (1979, Constitution, Article 16), used in education. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Armenian hye

Ardebil, East Azerbaijan, and West Azerbaijan provinces; Ahar, Isfahan, Khoi, Shahpur, Shiraz, Tabriz, and Tehran areas. Users: 108,000 in Iran (2019). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Armani, Armjanski, Eastern Armenian, Ermenice, Erâmani, Haieren, Somekhuri Classification: Indo-European, Armenian

Ashtiani atn

Markazi province: Ashtiyan and Tafresh. Users: 26,400 (2019). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Ashtiyani, Astiani Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic aii

West Azerbaijan province: west of Lake Urmia; many in Reza’iyeh (Rizaiye) and Tehran. Users: 15,000 in Iran (1994). Ethnic population: 109,000 (2019). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aturaya Swadaya, Lishana Aturaya, Swadai, Swadaya Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern

Avestan ave

Scattered. Users: No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Status: 9 (Second language only). Alternate Names: Avesta, Pazend, Zend Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian

Azerbaijani aze

Users: Population total all languages: 23,864,330. Status:

Azerbaijani, South azb

Widespread, especially north and central. Users: 11,300,000 in Iran (2019). Ethnic population: 16,700,000 (2019). Total users in all countries: 14,629,370. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Azeri, Türki Autonym: آذربایجان دیلی‎ (Azərbaycan dili), آذربایجانجا‎ (Azərbaycanca) Classification: Turkic, Southern, Azerbaijani

Bakhtiâri bqi

Khuzestan province; also west Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Lorestan, and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces; Esfahan and Markazi provinces: Dorud, Masjed-e Soleiman, and Shahr-e Kord. Users: 1,240,000 (2019). 350,000 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lori, Lori-Bakhtiāri, Lori-ye Khaveri, Luri Autonym: بختیاری‎ (Bakhtiâri) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Luri

Balochi, Southern bcc

Hormozgan province: southeast coast; Kerman province: Qaleh Ganj and Rudbar-e Jonubi counties; Sistan and Baluchestan province. Users: 501,000 in Iran (2019). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Baloci, Baluchi, Baluci Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Balochi

Balochi, Western bgn

Kerman province: Rigan and Fahraj counties; Sistan and Baluchestan province: north; South Khorasan province: northeast. Users: 744,000 in Iran (2019). All Balochi in Iran: 2,000,000 (2019). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Baloci, Baluchi, Baluci, Yarahmadza Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Balochi

Bashkardi bsg

Hormozgan province: east; Kerman province: south; Sistan and Baluchestan province: southwest. Users: 7,030 (2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bashaka Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Balochi

Brahui brh

Sistan and Baluchestan province: central, including Zahedan. Users: 23,200 in Iran (2019), increasing. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Barahui, Birahui, Brahudi, Kur Galli Classification: Dravidian, Northern

Dari prs

South Khorasan province. Users: 391,000 in Iran (2019). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Afghan Persian Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian

Dari, Zoroastrian gbz

Kerman and Yazd provinces: settled communities. Users: 8,000 (1999). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Dari, “Gabar” (pej.), “Gabri” (pej.), “Yazdi” (pej.) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran

Dezfuli def

Khuzestan province: Dezful and Shushtar. Users: Very few. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Dezfuli-Shushtari, Dezhfili, Dizfuli Autonym: دزفولی‎ (Dezfuli) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Unclassified

Dzhidi jpr

Scattered. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Djudi, Judeo-Persian, Judi Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian

Eshtehardi esh

Markazi province: Karaj district, Eshtehard area. Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh

Fars, Northwestern faz

Fars province: scattered. Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran

Fars, Southwestern fay

Fars province: Buringun, Davani, Kondazi, Papun, Masarm, Somghun, and others. Users: 110,000 (2019). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Fars

Gazi gzi

Esfahan province: small area east of Kashan. Users: 7,030 (2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran

Georgian kat

Esfahan province: Esfahan area, Najaf Abad, Shahin Shahr, and Yazdan Shahr; Mazandaran province: Behshahr. Users: 65,500 in Iran (2019). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Gorji, Gruzin Classification: Kartvelian, Georgian

Gilaki glk

Gilan province: coast south of Caspian and Talish sea. Users: 2,490,000 (2019), decreasing. 2,000 Galeshi. Ethnic population: 4,480,000 (2019). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Gelaki, Gilani, Guilaki, Guilani Autonym: گیلکی‎ (Gīlakī) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Caspian

Gozarkhani goz

Qazvin province: Alamut area, Gozarkhan, Tajrish, north of Tehran. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Gozärkhon Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh

Gujarati guj

Users: 35,900 in Iran (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Gujarati

Gurani hac

Kermanshah province; Kordestan province: Iraq border area, Hewraman. Users: 180,000 in Iran (Paul 2007). Population provisionally estimated to be two-thirds of the 300,000 speakers in Iran and Iraq (2007 L. Paul). Total users in all countries: 300,000. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Avromani, Awroman, Awromani, Gorani, Hawramani, Hawrami, Hewrami, Hourami, Howrami, Ourami Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Zaza-Gorani

Harzani hrz

East Azerbaijan province: Marand-Jolfa area northwest of Tabriz. Users: 34,900 (2019). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Harzandi Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh

Hazaragi haz

Razavi Khorasan province: widespread, especially urban centers. Users: 389,000 in Iran (2019). Population increased significantly due to influx of Hazaragi-speaking refugees from Afghanistan. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Hazara, Hezare’i, Hezareh Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian

Hulaulá huy

Kordestan: Kerend, Sanandaj, and Saqqez. Users: 350 in Iran. Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern, Trans-Zab

Iranian Sign Language psc

Scattered. Users: 250,000 (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 165,000–330,000 deaf signers, assuming 0.2%–0.4% of total population. Ethnic population: 3,000,000 (2019). Total deaf and hard of hearing population reported to be as high as 3,000,000 (Sanjabi et al 2016). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Persian Sign Language, ZEI, Zaban Eshareh Irani Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language

Jadgali jdg

Sistan and Baluchestan province: Saravan area. Users: 10,000 in Iran (2017). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Jat, Jatgali, Jatki Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Northwestern, Sindhi

Kabatei xkp

Gilan province: Rudbar district. Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh

Kajali xkj

East Azerbaijan province: Kaqazkonan district, Kajal. Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh

Karakalpak kaa

Users: 53,900 in Iran (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian

Karingani kgn

East Azerbaijan province: Dizmar district, Keringan village; Hasanu district, northeast of Tabriz. Users: 22,200 (2019). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Karingani-Kalasuri-Khoynarudi, Keringani Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh

Kashkay qxq

Fars province: most; Bushehr, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Esfahan, and Hormozgan provinces; Gachsaran, Firuzabad, and Shiraz are centers. Users: 995,000 (2019). Ethnic population: 1,910,000 (2019). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kashkai, Qašqāʾī, Qashqa’i, Qashqay, Turki Autonym: قاشقایجا‎ (Qaşqayca), قشقاى ديلى‎ (Qaşqay dili) Classification: Turkic, Southern

Kazakh kaz

Golestan province: Gorgan city, Caspian sea area. Users: 3,000 in Iran (1982). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Gazaqi, Kazak, Kazakhi Classification: Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian

Khalaj klj

Qom province: northeast of Arak. Users: 53,900 (2019). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Arghu, Chaladsch, Jalái, Turkic Khalaj Classification: Turkic, Southern

Kho’ini xkc

Zanjan province: Kho’in district. Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh

Khorasani Turkish kmz

Northeast, North Khorasan Province, northwest of Mashhad; Bojnurd area (West Quchani, Quchan area (North or Northeast Quchani, probably largest), Soltanabad area near Sabzevar (South Quchani). Users: 936,000 (2019). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Quchani, West Khorasani Turkic, West Xorasan Turkic, Xorasan, Xorasan Turkic Autonym: خراسان تركچىسى‎ (Xorasan Türkçesi) Classification: Turkic, Southern, Turkish

Khunsari kfm

Esfahan province: Isfahan and Kashan areas. Users: 26,400 (2019). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Khunsaric, Kuk Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran

Koresh-e Rostam okh

East Azerbaijan province: Koresh-e Rostam district. Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh

Koroshi ktl

Fars province. Users: 160. 40–50 families. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Balochi

Kurdish, Central ckb

West Azerbaijan and Kordestan provinces; also Hamadan, Kermanshah, and Zanjan provinces; Mahabad area (Mukri dialect); Sanandaj (Sine) area (Sanandaji dialect). Users: 557,000 in Iran (2019). Status: 3 (Wider communication). De facto provincial working language in northwest. Alternate Names: Kordi, Korkora, Kurdi, Kurdy, Sine’i, Sorani, Wawa Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish

Kurdish, Northern kmr

North Khorasan province: Quchan and Bojnurd towns; Mazandaran province: Kalardast region; West Azerbaijan, Golestan, Razavi Khorasan, and Qazvin provinces; east of the Caspian Sea, north and west of Lake Urmia (Khorasani Kurmanji dialect). Users: 485,000 in Iran (2019). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Eastern Kurmanji, Kordi, Kordi Kormanji, Kurdi, Kurmancî, Kurmanji Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish

Kurdish, Southern sdh

Hamadan, Ilam, Lorestan, Kermanshah, Khuzestan, and Kordestan provinces; Sistan and Baluchestan province: southeast small area. Users: 3,730,000 in Iran (2019). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kurdî Xwarîn, Pehlewaní Autonym: کوردی خوارگ‎ (Kurdî xwarg), کوردیی باشووری‎ (Kurdîyi başûrî) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish

Laki lki

Ilam, Hamadan, and Lorestan provinces: Aleshtar, Khorramabad, Kuhdasht, and Nurabad-e Dolfan. Users: 1,240,000 (2019). 150,000 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Alaki, Leki Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish

Laraki zum

Hormozgan province: Qeshm, Shahāb, Lārak, Lārak Shahri. Spoken in a single town in Iran. Users: 700 in Iran, all users. L1 users: 670 in Iran (Anonby and Yousefian 2011). L2 users: 30 (Anonby and Yousefian 2011). 70 monolinguals (Anonby and Yousefian 2011). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Komzāri, Komzari Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Luri

Lari lrl

Fars province: Lar district, Shiraz; Bushehr and Hormozgan provinces. Users: 118,000 (2019). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Larestani, “Achomi” (pej.) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Fars

Lasgerdi lsa

Semnan province: Lasjerd southwest of Semnan. Users: 1,000 (2006 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lasjerdi, Läsgerdi, Läsjerdi Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Semnani

Luri, Northern lrc

Ilam province; Hamadan province: south; Khuzestan province: Andimeshk; Lorestan province: Borujerd, and Khorramabad; Markazi province: south edge. Users: 1,820,000 (2019). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lori, Luri, Luristani Autonym: زۊن لٛوْری‎ (Zön łôrī) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Luri

Luri, Southern luz

Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province; Fars province: northwest; Khuzestan province: east; some in Bushehr province. Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Dehdasht (Kohgiluyeh dialect), Yasuji (Boyerahmadi dialect); Fars province, Nurabad (Mamasani dialect), Shul and Shiraz (Shuli dialect). Users: 1,140,000 (2019), increasing. 300,000 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lor, Lori, Lori-ye Jonubi, Lur, Ruliy Luri Autonym: لُرِىْ بُزُ رْگْ‎ (Lorī-a bozorg) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Luri

Mandaic mid

Khuzestan province: Hoveiseh, other towns. Users: 100 in Iran (2017). Ethnic population: 23,000. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Mandāyì, Mandɔyí, Mandaayi, Mandaean, Mandi, Mandini, Modern Mandaic, Neo-Mandaic, Raṭnā, Sabe’in, Sabean, Subbi Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Mandaic

Mandaic, Classical myz

Scattered. Users: No known L1 speakers in Iran. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Total users in all countries: none known. Status: 9 (Second language only). Alternate Names: Classical Mandaean Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Mandaic

Maraghei vmh

Gilan province: upper Rudbar county (Rudbar-e Alamut). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh

Mazandarani mzn

Mazandaran province; some in Golestan and Semnan provinces. Users: 2,320,000 (2019), decreasing. Some monolinguals in rural areas. Ethnic population: 4,480,000 (2019). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Gilaki, Mazanderani, Sari, Tabri Autonym: طبری‎ (Tabari), مازرونی‎ (Mazuroni) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Caspian

Natanzi ntz

Esfahan province: Natanz village on Isfahan-Kashan road. Users: 7,030 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran

Nayini nyq

Esfahan province: Anarak and Nayin east of Isfahan; Khur and Mehrjan, northeast of Isfahan (Khuri dialect). Users: 7,030 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Biyabanak Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran

Parsi-Dari prd

Scattered. Users: 27,500 (2019). Very few monolinguals. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Parsee, Parsee-Dari, Parsi Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran

Pashto, Southern pbt

Razavi Khorasan and South Khorasan provinces: Afghanistan border east of Qa’en. Users: 113,000 in Iran (1993). Population does not include refugees. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Paktu, Pashtu, “Afghani” (pej.) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pashto

Persian fas

Users: Population total all languages: 65,748,920. Status:

Persian, Iranian pes

Widespread. Users: 70,400,000 in Iran, all users. L1 users: 52,500,000 in Iran (2019), increasing. 800,000 Eastern Farsi in Khorasan speak dialects which are transitional with Iranian Persian. L2 users: 17,900,000 (2019). Total users in all countries: 74,196,710 (as L1: 56,296,710; as L2: 17,900,000). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1979, Constitution, Article 15). Alternate Names: Farsi, New Persian, Parsi, Persian, West Persian, Western Farsi Autonym: فارسی‎ (Fārsi) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian

Punjabi, Eastern pan

Users: 35,900 in Iran (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Panjabi

Razajerdi rat

Qazvin province. Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh

Romani, Balkan rmn

Qazvin Province: Abyek district, Zargar village. Users: 35,900 in Iran (2019). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Romani ćhib Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Romani, Balkan

Rudbari rdb

Zanjan province: Sefid Rud valley. Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh

Salchuq slq

East Azerbaijan and Zanjan provinces. Users: No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Seljūq, Seljuq Classification: Turkic, Southern, Azerbaijani

Sangisari sgr

Semnan province; Shamirzad north of Mehdi (Shahmirzadi dialect). Users: 42,300 (2019). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mahdi Shahri, Mehdishahri, Sangesari, Sangsari, Sengiseri, Sengsari, Sängesäri, Sängsari, Sängsäri Autonym: سنگسری‎ (Sangesari) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Semnani

Semnani smy

Semnan province. Users: 68,700 (2019). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Simnani Autonym: سمنی زفون‎ (Semani zefön) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Semnani

Senaya syn

Qazvin and Tehran provinces. Users: 60 (1997 H. Mutzafi). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Christian Neo-Aramaic, Lshan Sray, Senaaya, Shan Gyanan, Shan Sray, Soray, Sray Autonym: ܣܘܪ‎ (Soray), ܣܢܝܐ‎ (Senāya) Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern

Shahmirzadi srz

Semnan province: Shahmirzad. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Caspian

Shahrudi shm

East Azerbaijan province: Khalkhal and Shahrud districts, Kolur, Lerd, and Shal. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Koluri Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh

Sivandi siy

Fars province: Sivand, northwest of Shiraz on Shiraz-Isfahan Road. Users: 7,030 (2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran

Soi soj

Users: 7,030 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran

Sorkhei sqo

Semnan province: Sorkheh, southwest of Semnan. Users: 10,000 (2006 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Semnani

Tajik tgk

Users: 89,000 in Iran (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian

Takestani tks

Qazvin province: Takestan area; Markazi and Zanjan provinces: Saveh area. Users: 395,000 (2019). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Southern Tati, Takistani, Tati Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh

Talysh tly

Ardebil province: Ardabil and Namin counties; Gilan province: Kapur-Chal, Masal, and Masuleh, to Azerbaijan border in Caspian coastal plain and mountain areas. Astara, Azerbaijan, and the Caspian littoral areas (Northern Talyshi dialect); Gilan province: Asalem-Hashtpar area along Caspian littoral (Central Talyshi dialect); Gilan province: Masal, Masuleh, Shandermen, and surrounding mountainous areas (Southern Talyshi dialect). Users: 154,000 in Iran (2019). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Talesh, Taleshi, Talish, Talishi, Talyshi Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh

Taromi, Upper tov

East Azerbaijan province: upper Tarom; Zanjan province: Hazarrud and Siavarud areas. Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh

Tat, Muslim ttt

Gilan and Qazvin provinces. Users: 8,000 in Iran. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Mussulman Tati Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Tat

Turkish tur

Users: 11,000 in Iran (2014 J. Leclerc). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Southern, Turkish

Turkmen tuk

Golestan, Razavi Khorasan, and North Khorasan provinces: Turkmenistan border area; Mazandaran province: Gonbad-e Kavus and Pahlavi Dezh. Users: 746,000 in Iran (2019). Ethnic population: 2,570,000 (2019). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Torkomani, Türkmen dili, Türkmençe Classification: Turkic, Southern, Turkmenian

Urdu urd

Users: 89,000 in Iran (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Hindustani

Vafsi vaf

Markazi province: Arak district, Vafs, near Tafresh; some in Hamadan province. Users: 22,200 (2019). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran