Colombia

Languages

Achagua aca

Casanare department; Meta department: Upper Meta River, between Puerto López and Puerto Gaitán, El Turpial reservation, and Umapo community. Users: 250 (2000 M. Lozano), decreasing. Ethnic population: 980 (2018 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ajagua, Xagua Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Western Nawiki, Piapoco

Andaqui ana

Caquetá department: upper reaches of Caquetá river; Cauca department, Fragua valley; Huila department: Suaza valley; southern highlands. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1970s (Loukotka 1968). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Aguanunga, Andaki, Andaquí, Churuba Classification: Paezan

Andoque ano

Amazonas department: Aduche tributary of Caquetá, 15 km downriver from Araracuara; Caquetá department: Solano municipality. Users: 370 (2007 B. Pencue), decreasing. 10,000 in 1908 (Landaburu 1979). 50 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 820 (2018 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Andoke, Businka, Cha’oie, Cho’oje, Paasi-ahá, Paasiaja, Paatsiaja, Patsiaehé, Poosioho Classification: Language isolate

Anserma ans

Caldas, Quindío, and Risaralda departments. Users: No known L1 speakers. 7 families still spoke it in 1995 (Rendón 2011). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Ancerma, Anserna, Caramanta, Cartama, Humbra, Umbra Classification: Paezan, Coconuco

Arhuaco arh

Cesar and Magdalena departments: northeast and southern slopes of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Users: 8,000 (2009 P. Frank). 7,200 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 34,700 (2018 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Arauco, Arhuac, Aruac, Aruaco, Arwako, Auroguac, Bintucua, Bintuk, Bintukwa, Bíntuka, Bíntukua, Bítuncua, Ica, Ijca, Ijka, Ika, Ikan, Ike, Ikʉ Autonym: Iku Classification: Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Colombian, Northern Colombian, Arhuacan, Southern and Eastern Arhuacan

Awa-Cuaiquer kwi

Nariño department: Barbacoas area; Cuaiquer del Alto Albí, Cuambíyaslambi, Cumbal, Mallama, and Ricaurte reservations; Pacific slopes of Andes. Users: 12,000 in Colombia (Civallero 2008), decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 44,500 (2018 census). Total users in all countries: 14,100. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Awa, Awa Pit, Coaiquer, Cuaiquer, Kwaiker, Quaiquer, auapit, Înkal Awa Autonym: Awapit Classification: Barbacoan, Northern

Barasana-Eduria bsn

Amazonas department: Apaporis river south bank; Vaupés department: Cachivera Pina, Mitú, Sõnanã, Pacoa, Piedra Ñi, San Miguel; Pira-Paraná river and tributaries. Users: 1,890 (1993 census). Ethnic population: 1,030 (2018 census). 910 Barasano and 120 Eduria (2018 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Banera yae, Barasano, Barasano del Sur, Came-Masa, Come masa, Comea, Comematsa, Hadera, Hanera, Hanera oka, Janena, Janera, Palanoa, Panenoa, Panera, Paneroa, Southern Barasano, Taibano, Taiwaeno, Taiwano, Teiuana, Yebamasa, Yepa-Mahsa, Yepa-Matso Autonym: Barasana-Eduria Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Bará-Tuyuka

Barí mot

Cesar department: Chimichagua, La Gloria, and Pailitas municipalities; Norte de Santander department: Reserva Indígena Motilón-Barí and Resguardo Indígena Gabarra-Catalaura in Upper Catatumbo and Oro rivers and Serranía de los Motilones region. Users: 3,500 in Colombia (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 3,020 (2018 census). Total users in all countries: 5,020. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Baria, Barira, Cunausaya, Motilone, Motilón, “Dobocubi” (pej.) Classification: Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Colombian, Southern Colombian

Bora boa

Amazonas department: Bora, Providencia on Igaraparana (tributary of the Putumayo); Miraña: lower Caquetá river, near Cahuinari river mouth. Users: 600 in Colombia (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,810 (2018 census). 1,050 Bora, 760 Miraña (2018 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Boro, Meamuyna, Miamunaa, Miranya, Miraña, Mirañã, Miriña Classification: Witotoan, Proto-Bora-Muinane

Cabiyarí cbb

Amazonas and Vaupés departments: Cananarí river area, tributary of the Apaporis and Vaupés. Users: 270 (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 810 (2001 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Cabiuarí, Cabuyari, Cauyarí, Cuyare, Kabiyarí, Kauyarí, Kawiarí, Kawillary, Kawiri, Kawiyarí Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Western Nawiki

Cacua cbv

Vaupés department: Wacará, 30 km east of Mitú. Users: 220 (Crevels 2012). Many monolinguals, especially children. Ethnic population: 150 (2018 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Báda, Bára, Cakua, Kakua, Kákwa, Wacara, “Macu de Cubeo” (pej.), “Macu de Desano” (pej.), “Macu de Guanano” (pej.) Classification: Puinavean, Cacua

Caló rmq

Scattered. Users: Ethnic population: 5,000 (2005 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gitano, Roma, Romanó Classification: Mixed language, Iberian-Romani

Camsá kbh

Putumayo department: Sibundoy valley, near Ingas. Users: 4,000 (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 7,520 (2018 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Camëntxá, Coche, Kamemtxa, Kamsa, Kamse, Kamëntsa, Sibundoy, Sibundoy-Gaché Autonym: Camëntsá Classification: Language isolate

Carabayo cby

Amazonas department: halfway between San Bernardo and Pure rivers. At least 3 long houses. Users: 150. Ethnic population: 220 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Yuri, “Amazonas Macusa” (pej.) Classification: Unclassified

Caramanta crf

Antioquia department: Jardín municipality, near Andes and Cristianía cities. Users: No known L1 speakers. Extinct by mid 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Paezan, Coconuco

Carapana cbc

Vaupés department: Cano Tí (tributary of middle Vaupés river) and upper Pirá-Paraná and Papurí rivers. Users: 460 in Colombia (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,040 (2018 census). Total users in all countries: 523. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Carapana-Tapuya, Karapano, Karapaná, Karapanã, Mehtã, Mextã, Mi tea, Mochda, Moxdoa, Muxtea, Mõxtã, Möxdöá Autonym: Carapana Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Carapano

Carijona cbd

Guaviare department: Miraflores municipality southeast of Lake Espajo. Users: 6 (Crevels 2007). 6 speakers near La Pedrera and a few more near Miraflores (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 530 (2018 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Carifuna, Carihona, Hianacoto, Hianacoto-Umaua, Hianakoto, Huaque, Kaliohona, Karihona, Karijona, Koto, Omagua, Tsahá, Umawa Classification: Cariban, Tiriyó, Karihona

Chimila cbg

Cesar department: Valle du Par minicipality; La Guajira department: La Jagua del Pilar and Urumita municipalities; Magdalena department: lowlands south and west of Fundación. Users: 350 (2009 T. Malone), increasing. Ethnic population: 1,700 (2018 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Caca Weranos, Chimile, Ette Ennaka, Ette Taara, San Jorge, Shimizya, Simiza Classification: Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Colombian, Northern Colombian

Cocama-Cocamilla cod

Amazonas department: Ronda Island in Amazon River opposite Leticia city, and in Naranjales, Palmeras, and San José villages. Users: No known L1 speakers in Colombia. Last known speakers in Colombia survived into the 1990s. Possibly only a few semi-speakers (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 3,220 (2018 census). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Cocama, Inikana, Kokama Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Cocama

Cofán con

Nariño department; Putumayo department: Orito, San Miguel, and Valle del Gamuéz. Colombia-Ecuador border area. Users: 380 in Colombia (Crevels 2012), decreasing. Many monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,820 (2018 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: A’i, A’ingae, Kofan, Kofane Classification: Language isolate

Colombian Sign Language csn

Scattered. Users: 151,000 (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 101,000–201,000 deaf signers, assuming 0.2%–0.4% of the general population. Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2005, Presidential Law 982). Alternate Names: LSC, Lengua de señas colombiana, Lengua manual colombiana Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language

Cubeo cub

Vaupés department: Cuduyari, Querarí, and Vaupés rivers and tributaries; possibly also in Guainía department. Users: 6,100 in Colombia (Civallero 2008), increasing. 610 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 14,100 (2018 census). Total users in all countries: 6,260. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Cubeo is lingua franca for northwest Vaupés area and Tucano [tuo] is the lingua franca for the southeast section. Alternate Names: Cuveo, Hehenawa, Hipnwa, Kobeua, Kobewa, Kubeo, Kubwa, Pamiwa Autonym: Pamié Classification: Tucanoan, Central Tucanoan

Cuiba cui

Arauca department: Cravo Norte municipality; Casanare department: Betania, El Merey, Esmeralda, Mochuelo, San José de Ariporo, and Santa María on Capanaparo river and tributaries; Vichada department: Meta river south bank. Users: 2,200 in Colombia (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 1,440 (2018 census). 900 Cuiba, 520 Masiware, and 20 Chiricoa (2018 census). Total users in all countries: 2,640. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Cuiva, Hiwi, Kuiva, Maiben Autonym: Cuiba-Wámonae Classification: Guajiboan

Curripaco kpc

Guainía department: Barrio La Primavera and Inírida on Inírida and Isana rivers, headwaters of Río Negro; Vaupés department: Mitu and Papunahua minicipalities. Users: 7,000 in Colombia (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 11,900 (2018 census). Total users in all countries: 12,070. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Baniva del Isana, Curipaco, Curripaco-Baniva, Karrupaku, Koripako, Kuripaco, Kuripako, Kurripaco, Kúrrim, Waquenia Autonym: Kurripako Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Eastern Nawiki, Karu

Desano des

Vaupes department: Vaupés river tributaries, Abiyu and Papurí rivers; Papurí tributaries Pacá, Macú Parana and others; Villa Fátima village and Acaricuara, Montfort, Piracuara, and Teresita missions. Users: 2,460 in Colombia (2001 census). Ethnic population: 3,640 (2018 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Boleka, Dessana, Desána, Kotedia, Kusibi, Oregu, Wina, Wira Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Desano-Siriano

Emberá-Baudó bdc

Chocó department: Baudó river basin and Pacific coastal rivers between Cabo Corrientes north towards Northern Embera language area. Users: 5,000 (1995 SIL). Ethnic population: Total Emberá in Colombia in 2001: 88,700 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baudó, Catrú, Embena, Embera, Epena Classification: Chocoan, Emberá, Southern Emberá

Emberá-Catío cto

Antioquia, Chocó, and Córdoba departments: Murri, San Jorge, San Pedro, and upper Sinu rivers. Users: 15,000 in Colombia (1992 SIL). 13,500 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 48,100 (2018 census). Total users in all countries: 15,040. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Catio, Catío Emberá, Embena, Embera, Emberá-Katío, Epena, Epẽrã, Eyabida, Katio, ẽbẽrã bed’ea–Katío Autonym: Ẽ́bẽra Katío Classification: Chocoan, Emberá, Northern Emberá

Emberá-Chamí cmi

Antioquia, Caldas, Chocó, Risaralda, and Valle del Cauca departments; includes Caramanta municipality. Users: 5,510 (2001 DNP). Ethnic population: Total Emberá in Colombia in 2001: 88,700 (Crevels 2012). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Chami, Chamí Emberá, Embena, Embera, Epena Autonym: ẽbẽra Classification: Chocoan, Emberá, Southern Emberá

Emberá-Tadó tdc

Chocó department: upper San Juan region, and Parecito and Pared reservation near Certegüi; Risaralda department. Users: 2,300 (2014 SIL). Ethnic population: Total Emberá in Colombia in 2001: 88,700 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Cholo, Embena, Embera, Epena, Katío, Êpêra Classification: Chocoan, Emberá, Southern Emberá

Emberá, Northern emp

Antioquia and Chocó departments: Atrato river basin; also inland from Cabo Corrientes north to Jurado on Pacific coast. Users: 49,700 in Colombia (2001 census). Ethnic population: Total Emberá in Colombia in 2001: 88,700 (Crevels 2012). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Atrato, Cholo, Darién, Eberã, Eberã Bed’ea, Embena, Embera, Emperã, Epena, Eperã Pedea, Epérã Pedée, Panama Embera, Pede, Pede Epenã, Sambú Classification: Chocoan, Emberá, Northern Emberá

English eng

San Andrés y Providencia department; scattered elsewhere. Users: 2,023,900 in Colombia, all users. L1 users: 23,900 in Colombia (2020 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity. L2 users: 2,000,000 (2019). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English

Epena sja

Cauca, Nariño, and Valle del Cauca departments: 2 separate areas on South Pacific coast. Users: 3,500 in Colombia (2004 IMB), increasing. Ethnic population: 7,050 (2018 census). Total users in all countries: 3,552. Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Cholo, Embena, Embera, Emberá-Saija, Epená Saija, Saija, Southern Empera Autonym: Epéna Pedée Classification: Chocoan, Emberá, Southern Emberá

German, Standard deu

Users: 4,500 in Colombia (2020 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German

Guahibo guh

Arauca, Casanare, Guainía, Guaviare, Meta, and Vichada departments: plains region, border areas. Users: 23,000 in Colombia (Arango Ochoa and Sánchez Gutierrez 1998). 9,200 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 52,400 (2018 census). Total users in all countries: 35,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Goahibo, Goahiva, Guaigua, Guajibo, Guayba, Hiwi, Jive, Wahibo, Wahivo, “Sicuani” (pej.), “Sikuani” (pej.) Autonym: Hivi Classification: Guajiboan, Guajibo

Guanano gvc

Vaupés department: Vaupés river south banks toward Mitu town. Users: 300 in Colombia (Arango Ochoa and Sánchez Gutierrez 1998). Ethnic population: 3,310 (2018 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Anana, Kotiria, Kótedia, Uanano, Wanana, Wanano Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan

Guayabero guo

Guaviare and Meta departments: upper Guaviare river. Users: 1,000 (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 2,960 (2018 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Cunimía, Jiw, Mítua, Mítus Autonym: Jiwjame Classification: Guajiboan

Hupdë jup

Vaupés department: Papurí and Tiquié river systems. Users: 240 in Colombia (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 240 (Crevels 2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Hup, Hupda, Hupdah, Ubdé, “Hupdá Makú” (pej.), “Jupdá Macú” (pej.), “Macú de Tucano” (pej.), “Makú-Hupdá” (pej.) Classification: Puinavean, Hupda

Inga inb

Nariño and Putumayo departments; some in Cauca department: Piamonte and Santa Rosa municipalities; 1,000 in Bogotá, some in regional capitals. Users: 18,000 in Colombia (Civallero 2008). Dispersed in various regions; adopted commerce as a survival strategy (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 19,600 (2018 census). Total users in all countries: 22,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Highland Inga Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay

Inga, Jungle inj

Cauca, Nariño. and Putumayo departments: upper Caquetá and Putumayo rivers. Users: 11,200 (2007 OCIP). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ingano, Lowland Inga, Mocoa Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay

Islander English Creole icr

San Andrés and Providencia Islands. Users: 12,000 (1981 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bende, San Andrés Creole Classification: Creole, English based, Atlantic, Western

Kogi kog

La Guajira and Magdalena departments: north, east, and west slopes of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Users: 9,910 (2004 DNP). Nearly all monolingual. Ethnic population: 15,800 (2001 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Cagaba, Coghui, Cogui, Kagaba, Kaggaba, Kawgian, Kogui Autonym: Kaugiañ Classification: Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Colombian, Northern Colombian, Arhuacan

Koreguaje coe

Caqueta department: Caquetá and Orteguaza rivers and tributaries; Putumayo department: Puerto Guzman municipality. Users: 2,100 (Civallero 2008). Speakers of Koreguaje represent a fusion of various ethnic groups. Also spoken by Inga, Witoto, Carijona, and Tama (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 3,260 (2018 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Caquetá, Chaocha Pai, Coreguaja, Coreguaje, Coreguaxe, Correguaje, Ko’reuaju, Korebaju, Korewahe Autonym: Koʼrevajʉ chʉʼo Classification: Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan

Kuna, Border kvn

Antioquia department: north coast region near Panama isthmus, east and west banks of Gulf of Uraba; Chocó department: Arquía. Users: 2,600 in Colombia (2012 SIL). Ethnic population: 2,610 (2018 census). Total users in all countries: 3,500. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Caiman Nuevo, Colombia Cuna, Cuna, Paya Kuna, Paya-Pucuro Autonym: Tule Classification: Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Cuna

Macaguaje mcl

Putumayo department: Caquetá river tributaries. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker either died or shifted to Siona [snn] or Koreguaje [coe] by the 1970s. Ethnic population: 24 (2018 census). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Kakawahe, Makaguaje, Piojé, Secoya Classification: Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan, Macaguaje

Macaguán mbn

Arauca department: Puerto Rondon and Tame municipalities; Casanare department: Hato Corozal municipality; Casanare river, other scattered locations. Users: 300 (Civallero 2008). Most are monolingual. Ethnic population: 510 (2018 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Agualinda Guahibo, Hitnü, Jitnu, Macaguane, Macaguane-Hitnu Classification: Guajiboan, Guajibo

Macuna myy

Vaupés department: Apaporis tributaries, Mirití-Paraná, and lower Pira-Parana. Users: 1,000 in Colombia (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 1,960 (2018 census). Total users in all countries: 1,032. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buhagana, Emoa, Ide, Jepa-Matsi, Makuna, Makuna-Erulia, Paneroa, Roea, Suroa, Tabotiro Jejea, Umua, Wuhána, Yeba, Yepá-Mahsá Autonym: Masa ye Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan

Malayo mbp

Cesar and La Guajira departments: south and east slopes of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Users: 1,850 (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 18,200 (2018 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Arosario, Arsario, Dəməna, Damana, Guamaca, Guamaka, Maracasero, Marocasero, Sancá, Sanja, Sanka, Wamaka, Wiwa Autonym: Dʉmʉna Classification: Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Colombian, Northern Colombian, Arhuacan, Southern and Eastern Arhuacan, Guamaca-Atanque

Misak gum

Cauca department: Caldono, Jambaló, Silvia, Toribío, and Totoró municipalities, western slopes of Andean Cordillera Central on Piendamó river banks. Users: 21,000 (Civallero 2008), increasing. 2,100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 39,800 (2018 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Coconuco, Guambia, Guambiano, Guanaca, Moguex, Nam Trik Autonym: Namdrik Classification: Paezan, Coconuco

Muinane bmr

Amazonas department: Puerto Santander municipality, south of Caquetá river; Caqueta department: between Caqueta and Yari rivers. Users: 150 (2007 F. Cuéllar). Ethnic population: 2,110 (2018 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bora-Muinane, Muename, Muinana, Muinani Autonym: Muinane Classification: Witotoan, Proto-Bora-Muinane

Nasa pbb

Cauca, Huila, and Tolima departments: Popayán area, central Andes range. Users: 60,000 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 243,000 (2018 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nasayuwe, “Paes” (pej.), “Páez” (pej.) Autonym: Nasa Yuwe Classification: Paezan, Paezan

Nhengatu yrl

Guainía department: Rio Negro; Vaupés department: Caruru and Yavarate municipalities. Users: 8,000 in Colombia (2004 IMB). Ethnic population: 570 (2018 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Geral, Modern Tupi, Nheengatú, Nyengato, Waengatu, Yeral, Ñe’engatú Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Tupí

Nonuya noj

Amazonas department: Puerto Santander municipality, Peña Roja. Users: 2 in Colombia (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 290 (2018 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Nononota Classification: Witotoan

Nukak Makú mbr

Jungle region between Guaviare and Inírida rivers, up to Mapiripan. Near Charco Caimán. Users: 390 (Crevels 2012). 200 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 740 (2018 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Guaviare, Macusa, Nukak Classification: Puinavean, Cacua

Ocaina oca

Amazonas department: upper Igará-Paraná and tributaries. Users: 5 in Colombia (Patiño 2000). Ethnic population: 410 (2018 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Okaina Classification: Witotoan, Proto-Huitoto-Ocaina

Palenquero pln

Atlántico department: border area and 2 neighborhoods in Barranquilla; Bolivar department: San Basilio de Palenque village southeast of Cartagena. Users: 500 (Holm 1989). Ethnic population: 3,500. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lengua, Palenque Classification: Creole, Spanish based

Piapoco pio

Guainía department: Guaviare south bank border areas; Vichada department: between Vichada and Guaviare rivers. Users: 4,930 in Colombia (2007 Moyano). Ethnic population: 14,700 (2018 census). Total users in all countries: 6,680. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Piapoko, Tsáçe Autonym: Wenewika Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Western Nawiki, Piapoco

Piaroa pid

Vichada department: Santa Rita municipality, between Vichada and Guaviare rivers. Users: 770 in Colombia (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,130 (2018 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Adole, Ature, De’aruwã thiwene, Guagua, Kuakua, Maco, Quaqua Dearuwa, Wo’tiheh, Wöthüha Classification: Sálivan, Piaroa-Maco

Pijao pij

Tolima department. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker may have died by the 1960s (Zwisler 2018). Ethnic population: 51,600 (2018 census). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Piajao, Pijao Paniquita, Pijao Paniquitá, Pinao, Pixao Classification: Unclassified

Piratapuyo pir

Vaupés department: Yavarate municipality, Papurí and lower Vaupés rivers; most near Roman Catholic mission at Teresita. Users: 630 in Colombia (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,110 (2018 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Uaikena, Urubu-Tapuya, Waikino Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan

Playero gob

Arauca department: Venezuela border, Arauca river banks from Arauca to Gaviotas Island. Users: 150 in Colombia (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 160 (Crevels 2007). Total users in all countries: 350. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Guahibo Playero, Pepojivi, Rio Arauca Guahibo Classification: Guajiboan, Guajibo

Providencia Sign Language prz

San Andrés y Providencia: Providencia island. Users: 19 (Washabaugh 1986). Known by most people on Providencia, including 19 born deaf out of 2,500 to 3,000 population (Washabaugh 1986), approximately 0.6%–0.75%. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Sign language, Shared sign language

Puinave pui

Guainía and Vichada departments: Inírida river and tributaries. Users: 2,000 in Colombia (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 9,000 (2018 census). Total users in all countries: 2,550. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Puinabe Classification: Puinavean

Quichua, Napo Lowland qvo

Putumayo river. Users: Undetermined number in Colombia. Ethnic population: 3,690 (2018 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kichua, Lowland Napo Quechua, Runa Shimi Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay

Romani, Vlax rmy

Users: 4,850 in Colombia (2005 census). Several hundred thousand throughout Latin America (Hancock 1984a). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Romani, Vlax

Sáliba slc

Arauca, Casanare, Meta, and Vichadad departments: upstream from confluence of Meta and Casanare rivers. Users: 1,300 in Colombia (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 4,780 (2018 census). Total users in all countries: 1,336. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Sáliva Classification: Sálivan

Siona snn

Putumayo department: El Tablero and Resguardo Buenavista, between Poñuna Blanca and Poñuna Negra on Putumayo river and tributaries. Users: 200 in Colombia (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 2,600 (2018 census). Total users in all countries: 460. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Ceona, Ganteya, Ganteya bain, Kanú, Koka, Pioche-Sioni, Piohé, Pioje, Pioje-Sioni, Siona-Secoya, Sioni, Zeona Autonym: Gantëya coca Classification: Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan, Macaguaje

Siriano sri

Vaupés department: 3 separate areas near Vaupes river, south and west of Mitu town. Users: 200 in Colombia (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 1,660 (2018 census). Total users in all countries: 217. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Chiranga, Cirnga, Desana-Siriana, Si-Ra, Sura Masa Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Desano-Siriano

Spanish spa

Users: 48,984,000 in Colombia, all users. L1 users: 48,900,000 in Colombia (2019). L2 users: 84,000 (2019). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1991, Constitution, Article 10). Alternate Names: Español Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian

Tama ten

Caquetá department: Vicente, Orteguaza river. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Loukotka 1968). Ethnic population: 610 (2018 census). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Dujos, Jabaal Classification: Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan

Tanimuca-Retuarã tnc

Amazonas and Vaupés departments: Guacayá and Oiyaka rivers (tributaries of the Mirití-Paraná), Apaporis, Mirití-Paraná, and Popeyaca rivers near mouth of Pira river below Popeyaca. Users: 1,800 (Crevels 2007). Retuarã more monolingual than Tanimuca. Ethnic population: 1,280 (2018 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Letuama, Letuhama, Ohañara, Opaina, Retuama, Retuarã, Tanimboka, Tanimuca-Letuama, Uairã, Ufaina Classification: Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan

Tariana tae

Vaupés department: lower Papurí. Users: No known L1 speakers in Colombia. Last known speaker in Colombia likely survived into the 1990s. Ethnic population: 210 (2018 census). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Tariano, Tariána Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Eastern Nawiki

Tatuyo tav

Vaupés department: Pira-Paraná headwaters and upper Papurí. Users: 330 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 330 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Juna, Oa, Pamoa, Sina, Sura, Tatutapuyo, Wa’ikhana, jʉna ye Autonym: Tatuyo ye Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Carapano

Ticuna tca

Amazonas department: between Leticia and Perutate, north along the Amazon River. Users: 6,600 in Colombia (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 13,800 (2018 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tikuna, Tucuna, Tukúna, ticunagaxũ Classification: Language isolate

Tinigua tit

Meta department: Sierra de la Macarena. Users: 1 (2013 J. P. Tobal). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Tiniguas Classification: Tiniguan

Totoro ttk

Cauca department: Totoro, 17 km west of Silvia. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the first decade of the 2000s (Arango Ochoa and Sánchez Gutierrez 1998). Ethnic population: 8,920 (2018 census). Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Paezan, Coconuco

Tucano tuo

Vaupés department: upper Papurí river and tributaries. Users: 7,020 in Colombia (Crevels 2012). 25 Pisamira and 7,000 Tucano (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 4,400 (2018 census). 4,075 Tucano, 196 Pisamira, and 127 Betoye (2018 census). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Tucano is the lingua franca for southeast Vaupés section and Cubeo [cub] is the lingua franca for the northwest area. Alternate Names: Betaya, Betoya, Betoye, Dachsea, Dasea, Dasea ye, Daxsea, Tukana, Tukano Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Tucano

Tunebo, Angosturas tnd

Arauca department: headwaters and southern tributaries of Casanare river. Users: 50. Ethnic population: All ethnic Tunebos: 10,600 (2018 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Uw Cuwa Classification: Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Colombian, Southern Colombian, Cundicocuyese

Tunebo, Barro Negro tbn

Arauca and Casanare departments: Barro Negro, San Lope (Casanare), and Tabías (Casanare), south of Tame Arauca; isolated in Andes foothills, eastern plains above Paz de Ariporo. Users: 300 (1981 SIL). Ethnic population: All ethnic Tunebos: 10,600 (2018 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Eastern Tunebo Classification: Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Colombian, Southern Colombian, Cundicocuyese

Tunebo, Central tuf

Arauca and Boyacá departments: Calafita, Cobaría (Boyacá), Satocá, Tegría (Boyacá) on north slopes of Sierra Nevada de Cocuy; Santander department: Capitanejo and Carcasi municipalities. Users: 2,500 in Colombia (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: All ethnic Tunebos: 10,600 (2018 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Cobaría Tunebo, Lache, U’wa, Uwa-Tunebo Autonym: Uw Cuwa Classification: Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Colombian, Southern Colombian, Cundicocuyese

Tunebo, Western tnb

Norte de Santander and Santander departments: east of Floridablanca; some in Boyacá department. Users: 700 (1998). Ethnic population: All ethnic Tunebos: 10,600 (2018 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aguas Blancas, U’wa Classification: Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Colombian, Southern Colombian, Cundicocuyese

Tuyuca tue

Vaupés department: on Inambú, Papurí, and upper Tiquié along Comeyaca headwaters. Users: 640 in Colombia (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,470 (2018 census). Total users in all countries: 1,440. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Borá-Tuyuka, Dochkafuara, Tejuca, Tuyuka Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Bará-Tuyuka

Waimaha bao

Vaupés department: Mitú, upper Papurí, mid and upper Pira-Paraná tributaries, and Tiquié. Users: 110 in Colombia (Crevels 2012). Some monolinguals over 40. Ethnic population: 1,000 (2018 census). Total users in all countries: 131. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Barasano, Barasano del Norte, Bará-Tuyuka, Northern Barasano, Waimasa, Waymasa, “Bará” (pej.) Autonym: Waimaja Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Bará-Tuyuka

Wajiara yui

Vaupés department: Upper Paca river (Papurí river tributary); Caño Yi and Caño Tuy rivers (Vaupes river tributaries). Users: 1,100 in Colombia (2011 SIL), increasing. Few monolinguals. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Juriti, Juriti-Tapuia, Juruti, Luruty-Tapuya, Patsoka, Totsoca, Wadzana, Waijiara masa-wadyana, Waikana, Waimasá, Wayhara, Yuriti, Yuruti, Yuruti-Tapuya, Yurutiye Autonym: Wajiaraye Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Tucano

Wayuu guc

La Guajira department: Guajira peninsula, Caribbean coast. Users: 122,000 in Colombia (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 380,000 (2018 census). Total users in all countries: 416,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Goajiro, Guajira, Guajiro, Uáira, Wahiro, Waiu, Wayu, Wayúu Autonym: Wayuunaiki Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Ta-Maipurean

Witoto, Minika hto

Amazonas and Caquetá departments: Putumayo River basin, along the Igaraparaná River (22 communities, of which the most populated is La Chorrera); Putumayo department: Leguizamo minicipality. Users: 1,500 (2008 K. Wojtylak). Ethnic population: 2,400 (2008 K. Wojtylak). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Huitoto Meneca, Meneca, Meneka, Mɨnɨca, Mɨnɨca Huitoto, Minika, Noaiko-Muína, Southern Witoto, Witoto Meneca Autonym: Huitoto Mɨnɨca Classification: Witotoan, Proto-Huitoto-Ocaina, Early Huitoto, Proto-Minica-Murai

Witoto, Murui huu

Amazonas, Caquetá, and Putumayo departments: between Putumayo and Caquetá rivers, north of Porto Arturo. Users: 600 in Colombia (2008). Ethnic population: 12,000 (2019). Total users in all countries: 1,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bue, Central Witoto proper, Huitoto, Komïne, Murai, Murai Huitoto, Murui Huitoto, Uitoto, Witoto Autonym: Huitoto Murui, Murui Classification: Witotoan, Proto-Huitoto-Ocaina, Early Huitoto, Proto-Minica-Murai

Witoto, Nipode hux

Caquetá department: Angosturas, Araracuara, Cuemaní, Monochoa, and Puerto Sábalo. Users: 200 in Colombia (2017 K. Wojtylak). Ethnic population: 480 (Griffiths et al 2001). Total users in all countries: 250. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Nipode, Nipode Huitoto, Nüpode, Nüpode Huitoto Classification: Witotoan, Proto-Huitoto-Ocaina, Early Huitoto

Woun Meu noa

Chocó department: middle and lower San Juan river banks, especially north of Buenaventura; some in Valle del Cauca. Users: 4,000 in Colombia (Aikhenvald 2007). Ethnic population: 14,800 (2018 census). Total users in all countries: 10,800. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Chocó, Noanama, Waumeo, Waun Meo, Waunana, Waunméu, Waunán, Woun Meo, Wounaan Autonym: Woun Meu, Wounaan Meu Classification: Chocoan

Yagua yad

Amazonas department: Tucuchira river near Leticia. Users: 300 in Colombia (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 980 (2018 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Yawa Classification: Yaguan

Yahuna ynu

Amazonas department: Apaporis and Mirití rivers. Users: No known L1 speakers. Survived into the early 1900s. Ethnic population: 110 (2018 census). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Jaúna, Yayuna, Yaúna Classification: Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan

Yucuna ycn

Amazonas department: Puerto Santander municipality, 3 enclaves; Ararcuara, La Pedrera on lower Caquetá, Leticia, Mirití-Paraná; Caqueta department: part of westernmost enclave. Users: 770 (Crevels 2012). 10 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,580 (2018 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Matapi, Yucuna-Matapí, Yukuna Autonym: Yucuna Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Western Nawiki

Yukpa yup

Cesar department: Augustín Codazzi municipality and municipalities north and south, Colombia-Venezuela border in Serranía de Perijá mountain range. Río Casacará dialect in Agustín Codassi municipality along Casacará river and Caño Iroka. Yukpa sur dialect, Becerril municipality. Users: 3,000 in Colombia (2009 W. Largo). 600 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 3,610 (2018 census). Total users in all countries: 6,020. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Carib Motilón, Japrería, Macoíta, Northern Motilone, Northern Motilón, Yuco, Yucpa, Yuko, Yukpa-Japería, Yupa Autonym: Yukpa Classification: Cariban, Yukpa, Yucpa-Yapreria