Brazil

Languages

Acroá acs

Bahia state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by the 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Coroá Classification: Jean, Central

Agavotaguerra avo

Mato Grosso state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the first decades of the 2000s (2016 SIL). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Agavotocueng, Agavotokueng, Agavotoqueng Classification: Unclassified

Aikanã tba

Rondônia, west of Vilhena, near Cuiabá-Porto Velho highway. Users: 150 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 200 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aikaná, Corumbiara, Huari, Kasupá, Kolumbiara, Mondé, Tubarão, Uari, Wari Classification: Language isolate

Akuntsu aqz

Rondônia State, Columbiara municipality. Users: 5 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 5 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Akunsu, Akunt’su, Akuntsun, Akuntsú Classification: Tupian, Tuparí

Amahuaca amc

Acre state: Peru border area. Users: 220 in Brazil (1995). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Amawaca, Amawáka, Amenguaca, Sayacu, Yora Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State, Amawaka

Amanayé ama

Pará state: Domingos do Capim municipality; Capim river. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the first decade of the 2000s (2007 SIL). Ethnic population: 190 (2001 ISA). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Amanage, Amanaié, Amanajé, Amanajó, Amanyé, Ararandeuara, Manajó, Mananyé, Manaxó, Manayé, Manaze, Manazewá, Manazo, Turiwa Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Amanayé

Amundava adw

Rondônia, Acre, near Jiparaná river. Users: 83 (2003 ISA). Crevels 2007 groups the Amundava together with the Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau [urz] for a total population of 170 (2003). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Amondawa, Amundawa Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin

Anambé aan

Pará state; Cairari river (Moju river tributary). Users: 6 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 130 (2000 ISA). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Amanayé

Apalaí apy

Pará state: Paru Leste river; some on Jarí and Citare rivers, 20 villages; a few in Amapá state. Users: 450 (1993 SIL). 100 monolinguals. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Apalay, Aparaí, Arakwayu Classification: Cariban, Central

Apiaká api

Mato Grosso state: upper Rio Tapajos, Slo Manoel confluence; a few in Pará state. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker, Pedrinho Kamassuri, died in 2011. Ethnic population: 1,000 (Tempesta 2009). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Apiacá, Apiake Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib

Apinayé apn

Tocantins and Maranhão states, near Tocantinopolis; 6 villages. Users: 1,500 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,530 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Afotigé, Aogé, Apinagé, Apinaié, Apinajé, Otogé, Oupinagee, Pinagé, Pinaré, Timbira Ocidentais, Uhitische, Utinsche, Western Timbira Autonym: Apinayé Classification: Jean, Northern

Apurinã apu

Amazonas state: Purus river, from Rio Branco to Manaus; Mato Grosso state. Users: 2,000 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 6,990 (2010 FUNASA). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ipurinã, Ipurinãn, Kangite, Popengare Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Piro

Arabic, North Levantine Spoken apc

São Paulo. Users: 700,000 in Brazil (Guedri 2008), increasing. Ethnic population: 7,000,000 (2015). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Arapaso arj

Amazonas state: São Gabriel, Iauarete. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by the 1960s; ethnic Arapaso had shifted to Tucano (Loukotka 1968). Ethnic population: 570 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Arapaço, Araspaso, Koneá Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan

Arára, Mato Grosso axg

Mato Grosso State. Users: No known L1 speakers. 7 speakers remained in 1986 (Rodrigues 1986). Ethnic population: 210 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Arara, Arara do Aripuanã, Arara do Beiradão, Arara do Rio Branco, Koaia, Koaiá, Koayá Classification: Unclassified

Arára, Pará aap

Pará: Laranjal and Cachoeira Seca. Users: 340 (2010 I. Souza). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Arára Bravos Autonym: Ukarãngmã Classification: Cariban, South Amazonian, Arara

Ararandewára xaj

Pará state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Probably became extinct in the latter half of the 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Ararandeuras, Ararandeuára, Manajé Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Amanayé

Araweté awt

Pará state: near Altamira; near Xingu river. Users: 340 (Crevels 2012). Nearly all are monolingual (1986). Ethnic population: 340 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Araueté, Arawine, Bïde Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní

Arikapú ark

Rondônia state; Rio Branco headwaters, Guaporé tributary. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker likely survived into the 2010s. Ethnic population: 30 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Aricapú, Mashubi, Maxubí Classification: Jabutian

Arikem ait

Rondônia state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1930s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Ahopovo, Ahôpovo, Ariken, Arikém, Ariqueme, Ariquemes, Ariquême, Uitáte Classification: Tupian, Arikem

Armenian, Western hyw

Users: 47,000 in Brazil (2021 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Armenian

Aruá arx

Rondônia state: Rio Branco post; Branco and Guaporé rivers. Users: 12 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 36 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Arouá, Arouén Classification: Tupian, Mondé, Aruá

Arutani atx

Roraima state: Saúba village. Users: 1 in Brazil (Rosés Labrada et al 2020). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Anake, Aoaqui, Auakê, Auaqué, Awaikê, Awaké, Oewaku, Orotani, Uruak, Urutaní Classification: Language isolate

Ashéninka, Ucayali-Yurúa cpb

Acre state: border area with Peru, Juruá river between Amônia, Arara, and Breu tributaries; Tarauacá river, Envira tributary. Users: 810 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 870 (2004 CPIAC). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Campa, Kampa Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga

Asurini of Xingú asn

Pará state: Xingu River, Kwatinemu village. Users: 120 (Pereira 2009), decreasing. Any monolingual speakers are above 40 years of age (Pereira 2009). Ethnic population: 120 (Pereira 2009). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Assurinikin, Assuriní, Asurini do Xingú, Asuriní de Koatinema, Awaeté, Awaté, Kuben-Kamrektí Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kayabí

Asurini, Tocantins asu

Pará state: Trocará near Tucurui; Tocantins river. Users: 380 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 380 (Crevels 2012). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Akwawa, Akwawa-Asuriní, Akwaya, Assuriní, Asuriní do Tocantins, Asuriní do Trocará, “Akuáwa” (pej.) Autonym: Asuriní Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tenetehara, Akwawa

Atorada aox

Roraima. Users: Few in Brazil (2000). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Ator’ti, Atorad, Atorai, Dauri Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Wapixana

Aurá aux

Pará state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the first decade of the 2000s (2004 SIL). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Auré Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí

Avá-Canoeiro avv

Goiás state: Terra Indigena Ava-Canoeiro; Tocantins state: Bananal island, upper Tocantins river valley. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Abá, Avá, Awana, Canoa, Canoe, Canoeiro, Canoeiros, Cara Preta, Carijó, Indios Negros Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tenetehara

Awetí awe

Mato Grosso state: Xingú park, Rio Culiseu, Aweti, and Sauva villages; upper Xingú river. Users: 170 (2011 S. Drude). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Arauine, Arauite, Auetí, Auetó, Auití, Autl, Awetö Classification: Tupian

Bakairí bkq

Mato Grosso state: about 9 villages. Users: 950 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 950 (1999 ISA). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bacairí Autonym: Kurâ Classification: Cariban, South Amazonian, Bakairí

Baniwa bwi

Amazonas state: Middle Içana river. Users: 5,810 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baniba, Baniua do Içana, Baniva, Dakenei, Issana, Kohoroxitari, Maniba, Wakuenai, Walimanai Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Eastern Nawiki, Karu

Baré bae

Amazonas state: Xié river area. Users: 2 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,790 (Moore 2006). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Balé Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Central Upper Amazon, Baré

Borôro bor

Mato Grosso state: Meruri, Sangradouro, Perigera. Users: 1,390 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,390 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 1,392. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Boe, Eastern Bororo Autonym: Boe Wadáru Classification: Bororoan

Brazilian Sign Language bzs

Scattered. Users: 630,000 (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 420,000–840,000 Deaf sign language users, based on 0.2%–0.4% of the general population. Another estimate: 2,000,000 (2019 R. Quadros). Ethnic population: 9,700,000 (2010). Ethnic population represents people with significant hearing loss (2010 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2002, Law 10.436/2002, Parliamentary decree 5626/2005). Alternate Names: LIBRAS, LSB, Libras, Língua Brasileira de Sinais, Língua de Sinais Brasileira, Língua de Sinais dos Centros Urbanos Brasileiros, SPSL, São Paulo Sign Language Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language

Cafundo Creole ccd

Rio de Janeiro state: Cafundo, 240 km from São Paulo. Users: 40 (1978 M. Gnerre). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Creole, Portuguese based

Caló rmq

Widespread, primarily northeast and north central Brazil. Users: 400,000 in Brazil (2014 S. Anonby). Ethnic population: 800,000 (2011 R7 Noticias). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Chibi, Gitano, Iberian Romani Classification: Mixed language, Iberian-Romani

Canela ram

Maranhão state. Users: 2,500 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,500 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kanela Autonym: Canela Classification: Jean, Northern, Timbira

Chiquitano cax

Mato Grosso, border area with Bolivia, municipalities of Vila Bela, Cáceres and Porto Espiridião. Users: 50 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 740 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Anenho, Linguará Classification: Language isolate

Chiripá nhd

Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo states; scattered. Users: 4,900 in Brazil (1995 AMTB). Ethnic population: 8,000 (2003 ISA). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Apytare, Ava Guaraní, Guaraní, Nandeva, Nhandeva, Tsiripá, Txiripá, Ñandeva Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní, Guaraní

Cinta Larga cin

Mato Grosso state: Terra Indigena Aripuanã; Rondônia state: Terra Indigena Roosevelt, Parque Indigena Aripuanã. Users: 650 (Crevels 2012). Nearly all are monolingual. Ethnic population: 650 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Tupian, Mondé, Aruá

Cocama-Cocamilla cod

Amazonas state: Rio Solimões region, Terra Indígena Acapuri de Cima, Terra Indígena Espírito Santo, Terra Indígena Evaré I, Terra Indígena Kokama. Users: Ethnic population: 620 (Moore 2006). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Cocama, Kocama, Kokama Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Cocama

Cubeo cub

Amazonas state: near São Gabriel. Users: 150 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 380 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Cobewa, Cubeu, Cuveo, Hehenawa, Kobeua, Kobewa, Kobéwa, Kubeo, Kubewa, Kubwa, Pamiwa, Pamié Classification: Tucanoan, Central Tucanoan

Dâw kwa

Amazonas state: across the river from São Gabriel de Cochoeira, below confluence of Vaupés and Negro rivers. Users: 120 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 120 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dow, “Kamu Maku” (pej.), “Kamán” (pej.), “Kamã” (pej.), “Kamã Makú” (pej.) Classification: Puinavean

Dení dny

Amazonas state: Terra Indigena Camadeni and Terra Indigena Deni, between Purus and Juruá rivers, Upper Cunhua and Xiruã rivers. Users: 740 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 880 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dani Autonym: Madiha Classification: Arauan

Desano des

Amazonas state: Terra Indígena Alto Rio Negro, sixty communities on Tiquié river and tributaries; border with Colombia. Users: 700 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,200 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 3,160. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Boleka, Desana-Siriana, Dessano, Desâna, Kusibi, Oregu, Uina, Umúkomasá, Wina, Wirã Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Desano-Siriano

Dutch nld

Paraná. Users: 11,000 in Brazil (2021 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Saxon-Low Franconian, Low Franconian

Enawené-Nawé unk

Mato Grosso state. Users: 450 (Crevels 2012). Most are still monolingual (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 450 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Eneuene-Mare, Salumã Classification: Maipurean, Unclassified

English eng

Users: 10,849,000 in Brazil, all users. L1 users: 49,000 in Brazil (2021 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity. L2 users: 10,800,000 (2020 British Council). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Inglês Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English

French fra

Users: 18,000 in Brazil (2021 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French

Galibi car

Amapá state: Terra Indigena Galibi, São José dos Galibi village on Oiapoque river right bank, south of Saint Georges, between Morcego and Taparabu streams. Users: 28 in Brazil (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 66 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Carib, Caribe, Cariña, Kalihna, Kalinya, Kari’na auran, Kari’ña, Maraworno, Marworno Classification: Cariban

Gavião do Jiparaná gvo

Rondônia state, Terra Indigena Igarape Lourdes (Gavião dialect). Mato Grosso state, municipality of Rondolándia (Zoró dialect). Users: 1,120 (Crevels 2012). 520 Gavião and 600 Zoró speakers (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,120 (Crevels 2012). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Digüt, Gavião - RO, Gavião do Rondônia, Ikolen, Ikólóéhj, Ikõleey, Ikõlej, Ikõro Classification: Tupian, Mondé, Aruá

Gavião, Pará gvp

Pará state: Kaikoture near Maraba; possibly in original locations in Maranhão state. Users: 970 (Crevels 2012). 480 Gavião Perkatêjê and 490 Pukobjê (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 970 (2006 ISA). 480 Parakatêjê and 470 Pukobjê (Crevels 2012). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Gavião Perkatêjê, Gavião do Mãe Maria, Gavião do Pará, Parakatêjê, Parkatêjê, Perkatêjê, Pukobjê Classification: Jean, Northern, Timbira

Greek ell

Users: 11,000 in Brazil (2021 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Greek, Attic

Guajá gvj

Maranhão state: Terra Indígena Alto Turiaçu and Terra Indígena Caru, four settlements; Pará state. Users: 280 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 280 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Avá, Awá, Awá Guajá, Ayaya, Guaxare, Wazaizara Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Amanayé

Guajajára gub

Maranhão state: Pindaré, Grajaú, Mearim, and Zutiua rivers. 81 villages. Users: 14,000 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 19,500 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Guazazzara, Tenetehar, Tenetehára Autonym: Zeʼegete Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tenetehara, Tenetehara

Guana gqn

Mato Grosso do Sul state: near the Terêna. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 2000s. Ethnic population: 250 (2005 ISA). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Chana, Chuala, East Paraná, Equinao, Equiniquinao, Guaná, Kinihinao, Kinikinao, Kinikinau Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Terena

Guaraní, Mbyá gun

Paraná, São Paulo, Espírito Santo, Pará, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina states; possibly also Minas Gerais state. 35 villages. Users: 6,000 in Brazil (2008 CTI). Most children, women and elders are monolingual (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 6,000 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 19,960. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bugre, Mbiá, Mbua, Mbya, Mbyá Autonym: Nhandeayvu Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní, Guaraní

Guató gta

Mato Grosso do Sul state: Paraguai river banks and up São Lourenço river, along Bolivian border. Users: 5 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 370 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Language isolate

Himarimã hir

Amazonas state: Tapauá valley, near the Jamamadi and Jarawara. Users: 40. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Hi-Merima Classification: Unclassified

Hixkaryána hix

Pará and Amazonas states: upper Nhamunda river to Mapuera and Jatapu rivers. Users: 1,200 (2020 M. da Silva). Ethnic population: 1,200 (2012 SESAI). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Chawiyana, Faruaru, Hichkaryana, Hishkariana, Hishkaryana, Hixkariana, Hyxkaryana, Kumiyana, Parucutu, Parukoto-Charuma, Sherewyana, Sokaka, Wabui, Xereu, Xerewyana Autonym: Hixkaryána Classification: Cariban, Waiwai

Hungarian hun

Users: 22,000 in Brazil (2021 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Uralic

Hunsrik hrx

Widespread. Many in Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina states. Users: 3,000,000 in Brazil. Ethnic population: 5,000,000 (2021 Joshua Project). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Hunsrick, Hunsrickisch, Hunsriker, Hunsriqueano, Hunsriqueano Riograndense, Hunsrück, Katharinensisch, Rio Grand Hunsriker Autonym: Hunsrik, Riograndenser Hunsrickisch Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German

Hupdë jup

Amazonas state: Rio Auari. Users: 1,500 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,500 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 1,740. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Hupda, Hupdah, Hupdé, Jupde, Ubdé, “Hupdá Makú” (pej.), “Jupdá Macú” (pej.), “Macú de Tucano” (pej.), “Makú-Hupdá” (pej.) Autonym: Hup Classification: Puinavean, Hupda

Iatê fun

Alagoas state; Pernambuco State: Sertão, Águas Belas municipality, 2 villages. Users: 1,000 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,930 (Crevels 2012). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Carnijó, Fornió, Fulniô, Furniô, Yaathe, Yahthe, Yatê, Yatê-Fulniô Autonym: Iatê Classification: Language isolate

Ikpeng txi

Mato Grosso state: Xingú park. Users: 340 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 340 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Chicao, Tonore, Tunuli, Txicão, Txikân, Txikão Classification: Cariban, South Amazonian, Arara

Ingarikó ake

Roraima state: Terra Indígena Raposa or Serra do Sol, near Cotingo river. Users: 1,700 in Brazil (Instituto Socioambiental 2020). Ethnic population: 1,700 (Instituto Socioambiental 2020). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Acahuayo, Acewaio, Akawai, Akawaio, Akawayo, Akwaio, Kapon, Kapóng, Patamona Classification: Cariban, North Amazonian, Pemón, Pemón proper, Kapong

Irántxe irn

Mato Grosso state: Rio Cravari headwaters, Rio Sangue tributary, a tributary of Rio Juruena. Users: 90 (Crevels 2012). 10 Irántxe and 80 Münkü (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 360 (2006 ISA). 280 Irántxe and 80 Münkü (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Iranche, Iranshe, Iranxe, Manoki, Münkü Classification: Language isolate

Italian ita

Scattered, in Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo. Users: 50,000 in Brazil (2021). Ethnic population: 22,000,000 (2020 S. Schwartzman). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Italiano Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Italo-Dalmatian

Itene ite

Rondônia state: Guajará-Mirim, Porto Velho. Users: 1 in Brazil (Instituto Socioambiental 2020). Ethnic population: 30 (2002). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Moré Classification: Chapacuran, Itene

Jabutí jbt

Rondônia state: Rio Branco Post. Users: 40 (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 170 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Djeoromitxí, Jabotí, Jeoromitxí, Quipiu, Yabutí Classification: Jabutian

Jamamadí jaa

Amazonas state: Jaruara; Lábrea municipality, 7 villages; Banawá river area; others scattered. Users: 780 (2019). 100 Banawá, 450 Jamamadí, 230 Jarawara. Banawa Yafi (Kitiya) mostly monolingual; 160 ethnic Jarawara, also mostly monolingual (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 790 (2012). 100 Banawá Yafí, 450 Jamamadí, 240 Jarawara. Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Canamanti, Kanamanti, Kapaná, Madi, Yamadi, Yamamadí, Yamamandi Autonym: Jamamadí Classification: Arauan, Jamamadi

Jaminawa yaa

Acre: Alto Acre, Alto Yaco and Caiete rivers; Amazonas: Purus river. Users: 1,300 in Brazil (2020). Ethnic population: 1,400 (2020). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Iauminawa, Yamanawa, Yaminahua, Yaminawá Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State

Japanese jpn

Users: 380,000 in Brazil (2021 Joshua Project). Ethnic population: 2,750,000 (2020 S. Schwartzman). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Japonic

Júma jua

Amazonas state: Upper Jamary village; Mucuim river, Rio Açuã tributary. Users: No known L1 speakers (2021). The last fluent speaker, named Aruka Juma, died on February 17, 2021 (2021 M. Astor). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Arara, Içuã Tupi, Kagwahibm, Kagwahiph, Kagwahiv, Kavahiva, Kawahip, Kawaib, Yumá Autonym: Kagwahiva Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin

Jurúna jur

Mato Grosso state: Xingu park, 2 villages; Maritsauu-Mitau river mouth; possibly also Pará state. Users: 280 (Moore 2006). 1 speaker left in the Terra Indígena Paquiçamba in 1989 (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 360 (2006 FUNASA). 35 ethnic group members in the Tierra Indígena Paquiçamba (Crevels 2007). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Iuruna, Jaruna, Jurûna, Yudjá, Yudya, Yurúna Classification: Tupian, Juruna

Kaapor urb

Maranhão and Pará states: 8–10 villages scattered over 7,250 square km; Gurupi river. Users: 800 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 990 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Caapor, Ka’apor, Kaaporté, Urubú-Kaapor, “Urubú” (pej.) Autonym: Kaapor, awa je’ẽha Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Amanayé

Kaapor Sign Language uks

Maranhão and Pará states: several villages, near the Gurupi river. Users: No known L1 users. Ferreira Brito 1984 reported 5 deaf and less than 500 hearing, but unconfirmed reports in 1987 say no users remain. Deaf users were monolingual. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Ka’apor Sign Language, LSKB, Língua de Sinais Kaapor Brasileira, “UKSL” (pej.), “Urubu-Kaapor Sign Language” (pej.), “Urubú Sign Language” (pej.) Classification: Sign language, Shared sign language

Kabuverdianu kea

Users: 4,000 in Brazil (2015 Instituto de Apoio ao Emigrante). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Creole, Portuguese based

Kadiwéu kbc

Mato Grosso do Sul state: Serra da Bodoquena area; 3 villages. Users: 1,590 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 1,630 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Cadiuéu, Caduvéo, Ediu-Adig, Ejiwajigi, Eyiguayegi, Kadiweo, Mbaya-Guaikuru Autonym: Goniwoladi ejiwajegi Classification: Guaykuruan, Guaykurú

Kaimbé xai

Bahia state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Became extinct early in the 20th century. Ethnic population: 1,100 (1986 SIL). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Caimbé, Cambe, Kariri de Massacará Classification: Unclassified

Kaingang kgp

Paraná State: 9 reservations between Paranapena and Iguaçu rivers; Rio Grande do Sul state: 5 reservations of southeast dialect south of Uruguay river east of Passo Fundo river; southwest dialect on 7 reservations; east of Passo Fundo river; outskirts of cities in Rio Grande do Sul; Santa Catarina state: 8 reservations between Iguaçu and Uruguay rivers; São Paulo state: 3 reservations north of Paranapena river; Scattered. Users: 18,500 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 28,000 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bugre, Caingang, Caingangue, Coroado, Coroados, Kanhgág Classification: Jean, Southern, Kaingang

Kaingáng, São Paulo zkp

São Paulo. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (1989 SIL). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Jean, Southern, Kaingang

Kaiwá kgk

Mato Grosso do Sul state: Apa, Dourados, and Ivinhema rivers north to Mbarakaju mountains and Jejui river tributaries south. Users: 18,000 (2003 ISA). Ethnic population: 20,000 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Caingua, Caiua, Caiwa, Cayua, Kaingwá, Kaiova, Kaiowá, Kayova, Paï-Tavyterã Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní, Guaraní

Kamakan vkm

Bahia state. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by the 1960s (Loukotka 1968). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Ezeshio, Kamakán Classification: Kamakanan, Kamakán

Kamayurá kay

Mato Grosso state: Xingú park. Users: 530 (Vitti 2015). Ethnic population: 600 (2014 ISA). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Camaiura, Kamaiurá, Kamayirá Classification: Tupian

Kambiwá xbw

Pernambuco state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Became extinct early in the 20th century. Ethnic population: 2,820 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Cambioá, Cambiuá Classification: Unclassified

Kanamarí knm

Amazonas state: Itaquai, Jurua, Jutai rivers’ upper regions. Users: 1,330 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 1,650 (Crevels 2012). 100 Tshom-Djapa in 1985 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Canamarí, Djapá, Kanamaré, Tâkâna, Tüküná Classification: Katukinan

Kanoé kxo

Rondônia state: Guaporé river. Users: 3 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 95 (Crevels 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Amniapé, Canoé, Canoê, Guarategaja, Guaratira, Guaratégaya, Kanoê, Kapishanã, Kapixana, Kapixaná, Koaratira Classification: Language isolate

Kapinawá xpn

Pernambuco state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 420 (Crevels 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Capinauá Classification: Unclassified

Karajá kpj

Mato Grosso, Pará, and Tocantins states: Bananal island, Araguaia river; possibly also Goias state. Users: 3,060 (Crevels 2012). Javaé 800, Karajá 2,250, Xambioá 10 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 4,010 (Crevels 2012). Javaé 1,210, Karajá 2,530, Xambioá 270 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Caraiauna, Carajá, Chambioa, Iny, Ynã Classification: Karajá

Karapanã cbc

Amazonas state: Pari-Cachoeira and São Gabriel. Users: 63 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 63 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Carapana, Carapanã, Mextã, Muteamasa, Ukopinõpõna Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Carapano

Karipuna kuq

Rondônia state: Jaru, Jamery, Urupa, Cabecciras, Candeias, and Jaciparana rivers’ banks. Users: 10 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 14 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Ah’e, Caripuna, Jau-Navo, Juanauo, Kagwahiva, Karipuna de Rondônia, Karipuna do Guaporé Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin

Karipúna kgm

Amapá state: on French Guiana border. Users: No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Karipuna do Amapá, Karipuna do Uaçá Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib

Karipuna French Creole kmv

Amapá state: on French Guiana border. Users: 2,400 (2008 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Amapá French Creole, Crioulo, Crioulo karipúna, Uaçá Creole French Autonym: Lanc-Patuá Classification: Creole, French based

Karirí-Xocó kzw

Alagoas state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Spoken into last half of 20th century. Ethnic population: 1,470 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Cariri, Dzubukuá, Kariri Xucó, Karirí, Kipeá, Kiriri, Tumbulalá, Xocó, Xokó, Xokó-Karirí, Xukuru Kariri, Xukurú Classification: Language isolate

Karitiâna ktn

Rondônia state: Candeias river, a tributary of upper Madeira river. Users: 210 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 320 (2005 ISA). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Caritiana, Yjxa Classification: Tupian, Arikem

Karo arr

Mato Grosso and Rondônia states: south Terra Indígena Igarapé de Lourdes; Iterap and Paygap villages. Users: 200 (Crevels 2012). Spoken by almost everyone in the two villages (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 210 (2006 Associação de Defensa Etnoambiental). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Arara Tupi, Arara-Karo, Arára, Arára de Rondonia, Arára do Jiparaná, Itogapuc, Itogapúk, Ntogapid, Ntogapig, Ramarama, Uruku, Urukú, Urumi, Ytangá Classification: Tupian, Ramarama

Katawixi xat

Amazonas state: Canutama municipality; Jacareúba river. Users: 10 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 250 (Moore 2006). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Catauichi, Catauixi, Catawishi, Catawixi, Jacareúba Classification: Katukinan

Katukína kav

Acre. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the late 1970s (1976 SIL). Ethnic population: 450 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Catuquina, Katukina do Jutaí, Katukina do Rio Biá, Pedá Djapá, Pidá-Djapá, Tüküná Classification: Katukinan

Katukína, Panoan knt

Amazonas state: Acre. Users: 700 (2010 S. Kennell). Ethnic population: 700 (S. Kennell). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Catuquina, Kamanawa, Kamannaua, Kanamarí, Katukina Pano, Katukina do Acre, Katukina do Juruá, Katukina-Kanamari, Waninnawa Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Shipibo

Kaxararí ktx

Acre, Amazonas, and Rondônia states: Alto Rio Marmelo, tributary of Rio Abuna. Users: 300 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 320 (2009 FUNASA). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Caxarari, Kaxariri Classification: Panoan

Kaxinawá cbs

Acre and Amazonas states. Along the Purus, Jordão, Envira, and Juruá rivers, in the towns of Santa Rosa do Purus, Manuel Urbano, Rio Branco, and Jordão. Users: 5,000 in Brazil (2020 H. Freitas). Ethnic population: 10,800 (2014 SESAI). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Cashinahua, Caxinauá, Caxinawá, Huni Kui, Huni Kuin, Hãtxa Kuī, Juni Kuin, Kaxinauá, Kaxynawa Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State

Kaxuiâna kbb

Pará state: Cachorro river, Chapéu, Maharuwanï, and Santidade villages; Paru D’Oeste river, 4 villages north of Missão Tiriyó; Trombetes river near junction with Mapuwera, Aldeia Kasipakuru and Araçá villages. Most among the Trió [tri]; a few among Hixkaryána [hix]. Users: 150 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 230 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Caxuiana, Kachuana, Kashujana, Kashuyana, Katxuyana, Katxuyana-Xikuyana, Kaxuyana-Xikuyana, Kaxúyana, Warikiana, Warikyana Classification: Cariban, Central, Wayana

Kayabí kyz

Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park, south Pará; Teles Pires river and Tatui. Users: 1,000 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 1,620 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Caiabí, Kaiabí, Kajabí, Maquiri, Parua Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kayabí

Kayapó txu

Mato Grosso and Pará states: Xingú Park, both sides of Xingú river, west up to the Iriri and tributaries; west bank to Fresco and Zinho rivers; 14 villages. Users: 7,270 (Crevels 2012). 19 communities in regular contact with outsiders; also 3–4 isolated Kayapó groups of 30–100 people (Crevels 2007). 3,950 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,270 (Crevels 2012). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Cayapo, Kokraimoro, Mebêngokrê, Put Karot Autonym: Mẽbêngôkre kabẽn Classification: Jean, Northern

Kepkiriwát kpn

Rondônia state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Probably survived into 1950s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Kepkiriwat, Kepkiriwate, Quepi-quiri-uate, Quepiquiriquat, Quepiquiriuate Classification: Tupian, Tuparí

Korean kor

Users: 47,000 in Brazil (2020 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Koreanic

Koripako kpc

Amazonas state: Içana. Users: 1,330 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Coripaco, Cumata, Curipaco, Curripaco, Korispaso, Kuripako, Pacu, Palioariene, Payualiene, Payuliene, “Paku-Tapuya” (pej.), “Pato Tapuia” (pej.), “Pato-Tapuya” (pej.) Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Eastern Nawiki, Karu

Koropó xxr

Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais states. Users: No known L1 speakers. Survived into the late 19th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Coropó Classification: Purian

Korubo xor

Amazonas state: Terra Indígena Vale do Javari; Ituí river, Talawaka and Tapalaya villages. Users: 140 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 140 (2010 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Caceteiro, Caceteiros, Corubo, Kaniwa, Maya Classification: Panoan, Mayoruna-Matsés

Krahô xra

Maranhão and Tocantins states; 5 villages. Users: 2,180 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,180 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Craho, Craô, Kraô, Mehim Classification: Jean, Northern, Timbira

Krenak kqq

Minas Gerais state: between Conselheiro Pena and Resplendor towns; São Paulo state: small enclave; Doce river east bank. Users: 10 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 200 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Aimorés, Borun, Botocudo, Botocudos, Crenac, Crenaque, Krenac, Krenak-Nakrehé, Nakrehé Classification: Botocudoan

Kreye xre

Maranhão and Pará states. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the first decade of the 2000s. Ethnic population: 30 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Crange, Crenge, Crenye, Creye, Krem-Ye, Kren-Yê, Tage, Taze Classification: Jean, Northern, Timbira

Krikati-Timbira xri

Maranhão state: Amarante municipality, Governador village. Users: 680 (2005 FUNASA). Ethnic population: 680 (2005 FUNASA). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Krikati-Gaviao, Krinkati-Gaviao, Krinkati-Timbira Classification: Jean, Northern, Timbira

Kuikúro-Kalapálo kui

Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park; 7 villages along Culuene river. Users: 1,110 (Crevels 2012). 600 Kuikúro and 500 Kalapálo. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Apalakiri, Apalaquiri, Calapalu, Cuicuro, Cuicutl, Guicurú, Kalapalo, Kuikuru, Kurkuro Classification: Cariban, South Amazonian, Bakairí, Amonap

Kulina cul

Acre and Amazonas states: Juruá and Purus rivers. Users: 3,000 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 3,500 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 3,420. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Corina, Culina, Kulyna, Kulína, Madihá, Madija Autonym: Madiha Classification: Arauan

Kulina Pano xpk

Amazonas state: Vale do Javari Indigenous Territory; Aldeia Pedro Lopes village, Curuca river. Migrating to Tabatinga town near the confluence of the Amazon and Javari Amazon rivers. Users: 32 (2007 SIL). Ethnic population: 130 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Culina Pano, Kulina do Acre Classification: Panoan

Kuruáya kyr

Pará state: Altamira municipality; Terra Indígena Curuá, Cajueiro village, Curuá river right bank; Terra Indígena Xipaia, Altamira town. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speakers died in 2010 (Picanço 2010). Ethnic population: 130 (2006 FUNASA). 115 (2002) in Cajueiro village (Crevels 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Caravare, Curuaia, Kuruaia Classification: Tupian, Mundurukú

Kwaza xwa

Rondônia state: west of Vilhena, near Cuiabá-Porto Velho highway. Same reserve as Aikanãs [tba] and Latundês [ltn]. Users: 25 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 40 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Coaiá, Koaiá, Koaya, Quaiá Classification: Language isolate

Lakondê lkd

Rondônia state: Vilhena village. Users: 1 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 7 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Nambikwara, Nambikwara Complex, Northern, Roosevelt Cluster

Latundê ltn

Rondônia state: Aikaná-Latundê Indigenous Reserve. Users: 10 (2010 S. Anonby). Ethnic population: 20 (2010 S. Anonby). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Leitodu Classification: Nambikwara, Nambikwara Complex, Northern, Roosevelt Cluster

Machinere mpd

Acre state: Assis and Sena Madureira municipalities, Terra Indígena Mamoadate. Users: 940 in Brazil (2004 CPIAC). Total users in all countries: 953. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Machineri, Manchinere, Manchineri, Manitenerí, Manitenére, Manxinéri, Maxinéri Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Piro, Piro

Macuna myy

Amazonas state: Rio Chié. Users: 32 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 32 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Baigana, Buhagana, Jepa-Matsi, Makuna, Masa ye, Paneroa, Wuhána, Yeba-Masã, Yebamasã, Yehpá Majsá, Yepá Maxsã, Yepá-Mahsá Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan

Macushi mbc

Roraima state; Contingo, Mau, Pium, Quino rivers. Users: 15,000 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 23,400 (2006 FUNASA). Total users in all countries: 15,930. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Macushi Maimu, Macusi, Macuxi, Makuchi, Makushi, Makuxi, Teueia, Teweya Autonym: Makusi Classification: Cariban, North Amazonian, Pemón, Pemón proper

Máku xak

Roraima territory, Uraricuera river. Users: No known L1 speakers in Brazil. The last speaker died in 2001. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Maco, Macu, Maku, Makó, Makú, Máko Classification: Language isolate

Makuráp mpu

Rondônia state: Branco, Guaporé, Mequéns and Pororoca post rivers. Users: 50 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 380 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kurateg, Macurapi, Macuráp, Makurápi, Massaka Classification: Tupian, Tuparí

Mamaindê wmd

Mato Grosso state: between Cabixi and Pardo rivers. Users: 300 (2017 D. Eberhard). Losing speakers among the youth in one of the 4 villages. Ethnic population: 330 (Crevels 2012). 250 Mamaindê, 80 Negarotê. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mamaindé Autonym: Mamainsahai’gidu Classification: Nambikwara, Nambikwara Complex, Northern

Mapidian mpw

Roraima state: with the Waiwai [waw]. Users: 10 in Brazil (Moore 2006). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Mahuayana, Maiopitian, Maopityan, Mawayana Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Wapixana

Maquiritari mch

Roraima state: near Venezuela border, Terra Indígena Yanomami. Users: 430 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 430 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Maiongong, Makiritare, Maquiritai, Maquiritare, Mayongong, Pawana, So’to, Ye’kuana, Yecuana, Yekuána, Yekwana Classification: Cariban, Central, Makiritare

Maritsauá msp

Mato Grosso state. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the first half of the twentieth century (Rodrigues 1986). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Manitsauá, Manitsawa, Manitsawá, Mantizula Classification: Tupian, Juruna

Marubo mzr

Amazonas state: headwaters of Ituí and Curuçá, near the Peru border; large groups in Atalaia do Norte city; smaller groups in towns of Cruzeiro do Sul and Guajará. Users: 1,980 (2019). Ethnic population: 2,000 (2014 SESAI). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kaniuá, Marova, Maruba Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Shipibo

Matipuhy mzo

Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park south, 2 villages. Users: 130 (Crevels 2012). 10 Matipuhy and 120 Nahukuá (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 230 (Crevels 2012). 100 Matipuhy and 130 Nahukuá (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Mariape-Nahuqua, Matipu Classification: Cariban, South Amazonian, Bakairí, Amonap

Matís mpq

Amazonas state: Atalaia do Norte municipality; on Peru border; Javari valley. Users: 320 (2008 ISA). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Panoan, Mayoruna-Matsés

Matsés mcf

Amazonas state: Terra Indígena Lameiãro, Terra Indígena Vale do Javari, Javari river basin; Terra Indígena Mayoruna, Solimões river area. Users: 1,500 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,590 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Matse, Mayoruna Classification: Panoan, Mayoruna-Matsés

Maxakalí mbl

Minas Gerais and Bahia states: 160 km inland from coast. 14 villages. Users: 1,270 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,270 (Crevels 2012). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Caposho, Cumanasho, Kumanuxú, Macuni, Mashakalí, Maxacalí, Monacó, Monaxo, Monocho, Tikmuún Autonym: Tikmũ’ũn Yĩy’ax Classification: Maxakalian

Mehináku mmh

Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park. Users: 200 (Crevels 2012). All Mehinaku still speak their mother tongue (Crevels 2007). Combined Waura [wau] and Mehinaku speakers: 600 (2012). Ethnic population: 230 (2006 ISA). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mahinaku, Mehinaco, Mehinako, Meinaku, Minaco Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Central, Waurá

Miranha boa

Amazonas state: Solimões, between Tefé and Caiçara river areas; along Brazilian Rio Iça. Users: No known L1 speakers in Brazil. Ethnic population: 840 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Bora, Boro, Meamuyna, Miamunaa, Miraña, Mirãnha, Mirãnia Classification: Witotoan, Proto-Bora-Muinane

Miriti mmv

Amazonas state: Pari-Cachoeira, Taracua. Users: No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1980s. Ethnic population: 75 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Baniva de rio Içana, Baníwa do Içana, Buia-Tapuya, Búia-tapúya, Dyuremáwa, Dzúreme, Dzúremene, Miriti Tapuyo, Miriti-Tapuia, Mirity-Tapuya, Neenoá, Neenöa, Yiboia-tapuya, Yibóya-tapúya Classification: Tucanoan

Mondé mnd

Rondônia state: Apidia river, tributary of Igarape Tanaru, near Pimenta Bueno. Users: No known L1 speakers (Golla 2007). Survived into late 20th century. 2 semi-speakers left (Golla 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Salamaikã, Salamãi, Sanamaica, Sanamaiká, Sanamaykã Classification: Tupian, Mondé

Morerebi xmo

Amazonas state: Marmelos and Rio Preto; Mato Grosso state. Users: 100 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin

Mundurukú myu

Amazonas, Mato Grosso, and Pará states; middle Madeira, and middle and upper Tapajós rivers; 22 villages. Users: 8,000 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 10,100 (2002 FUNASA). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Caras-Pretas, Monjoroku, Mundurucu, Paiquize, Pari, Weidyenye Autonym: Mõnjoroko Classification: Tupian, Mundurukú

Nadëb mbj

Amazonas state: 3 locations on Uneiuxi river: a tributary of Negro river, Japurá and Negro rivers. Users: 370 (Crevels 2012). 350 Nadëb, 20 Kuyabi (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 850 (2010 S. Anonby). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Anodöb, Guariba, Guariba-Tapuyo, Kabari, Kabori, Makunadöbö, Makú Nadëb, Nadeb Macu, Nadöb, Nadöbö, Xiriwai, Xuriwai Autonym: Nadëb Classification: Puinavean, Kaburi

Nambikuára, Southern nab

Mato Grosso state: along Porto Velho-Cuiabá highway. 10 villages. Users: 720 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 720 (Moore 2006). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Nambicuara, Nambikuára, Nambikwara, Nambikwara do Sul, Nambiquara, Southern Nambikwara Classification: Nambikwara, Nambikwara Complex

Nhengatu yrl

Amazonas state: Içana, Lower Vaupés, Xié and Negro river areas. Users: 6,000 in Brazil (2020). Total users in all countries: 14,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Coastal Tupian, Geral, Língua Geral, Língua Geral Amazônica, Modern Tupí, Nheengatú, Nyengato, Nyengatú, Waengatu, Yeral, Ñeegatú Autonym: Ñe’engatú Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Tupí

Ninam shb

Roraima state: Mucajaí, Paragua, Roraima, and upper Uraricaá rivers. Users: 470 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). About evenly divided between northern and southern dialects. 15,700 for all Yanomam groups in Brazil (2006 FUNASA). Most are monolingual. Ethnic population: 470 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 1,030. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Shiriana, Xirianá, Xirixana, Yanam Classification: Yanomaman

Nukuini nuc

Acre state: Juruá, from upper Mõa to Rio Sungarú. Users: No known L1 speakers. Spoken into last half of 20th century. Although not used anymore, a few people were reported to still remember the Nukuini language in 2013. Ethnic population: 600 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Inukuini, Nucuini, Nukini, Nuquini, Remo, Rheno Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Unclassified

Ofayé opy

Mato Grosso do Sul state: Ivinhema, Vacaris, and Verde rivers; Brasilándia area. Users: 12 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 61 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Ofaié, Ofaié-Xavante, Ofayé-Xavante, Opaié-Shavante, Opayé Classification: Language isolate

Omagua omg

Amazonas state: Alvaráes municipality, Terra Indígena Igarapé Grande; Maraã municipality, Terra Indígena Jaquiri; Tefé municipality, Santa Cruz on right bank of Solimões river, and Terra Indígena Kokama. Users: No known L1 speakers in Brazil. Ethnic population: 350 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Agua, Anapia, Ariana, Cambeba, Cambela, Campeba, Campeua, Canga-Peba, Carari, Compeva, Janbeba, Kambeba, Kambewa, Kambéba, Macanipa, Omagua-Yete, Pariana, Umaua, Yhuata Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Cocama

Oro Win orw

Rondônia state: Pacaás-Novos river headwaters, a tributary of Mamoré river. Users: 5 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 56 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Oto Towati Classification: Chapacuran, Wari

Oti oti

São Paulo. Users: No known L1 speakers. Became extinct early in the 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Chavante, Eochavante, Euchavante, Otí Classification: Language isolate

Otuke otu

Mato Grosso state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1920s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Loushiru, Louxiru, Louxiur, Otuké, Otuque, Otuqui, Otuqué Classification: Bororoan

Pakaásnovos pav

Rondônia state: 7 villages. Users: 2,720 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,720 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Jaru, Oro Wari, Orowari, Pacahanovo, Pacaás Novos, Pakaa Nova, Pakaanova, Pakaanovas, Uomo, Wari’ Classification: Chapacuran, Wari

Palikúr plu

Amapá state: Oiapoque municipality, Terra Indígena Uaçá I and II, in 10 villages; Urucauá river banks, right-bank tributary of the Uaçá between Uaçá and Curipi rivers. Users: 1,290 in Brazil (2010 IEPE). Ethnic population: 1,330 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 1,540. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Aukuyene, Aukwayene, Paikwene, Palicur, Palijur, Palikour, Paliku’ene, Palincur, Paricores, Paricuria, Parikurene, Parinkur-lene Autonym: Pa’ikwaki Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Eastern, Palikur

Panará kre

Mato Grosso state: Parque Indígena do Xingú; Pará state: Terra Indígena Panará, on Iriri river. Users: 380 (2008 SIL). Ethnic population: 540 (2014 ISA). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Indios Gigantes, Kreen Akarore, Kren Akarore, Krenakarore, Krenakore, Krenhakarore Autonym: Panãra pẽẽ Classification: Jean, Northern

Pankararé pax

Bahia state. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s. Ethnic population: 1,500. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Pankaré Classification: Unclassified

Pankararú paz

Pernambuco and Alagoas states. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died in the 1960s. Ethnic population: 6,520 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Pancaru, Pancaré, Pankarará, Pankaravu, Pankaroru, Pankarú Classification: Language isolate

Parakanã pak

Pará state: lower Xingú river, near São Felix and Altamira towns. Users: 900 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 900 (2004 ISA). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Apiterewa, Awaeté, Paracana, Parakanân, Parocana Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tenetehara, Akwawa

Paranawát paf

Rondônia state: Jiparaná (Machado) and Sono rivers’ tributaries. Users: No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by the 1970s. Ethnic population: 50 (1986 SIL). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Cabahyba, Cauaiua, Cauhib, Cawahib, Jauareta-Tapiia, Kawahib, Kawaib, Majubim, Paranauat, Pawate, Pawaté, Pawaté-Wirafed, Tupi do Machado, Tupí-Kawahíb, Wiraféd Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin

Parecís pab

Mato Grosso state: Jubá, Guaporé, Verde, Papagaio, Burití, and Juruena rivers. 15–20 villages. Users: 1,800 (Brandão 2014). Ethnic population: 2,000 (Brandão 2014). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Arití, Paressí, Paresí, Pareás, Porçoes Autonym: Haliti Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Central, Paresí

Patamona pbc

Roraima state: Terra Indígena Raposa or Serra do Sol. Users: Ethnic population: 198 (Instituto Socioambiental 2020). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Cariban, North Amazonian, Pemón, Pemón proper, Kapong

Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe pth

Minas Gerais and Bahia states; Pôsto Paraguassu in Itabuna municipality. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by the late 1930s (Loukotka 1968). Ethnic population: 2,220 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Hã Hã Hãe, Patashó, Pataxi, Pataxó, Pataxó-Hãhaãi, Patoxó Classification: Maxakalian

Paumarí pad

Amazonas state: Purus river. 3 villages. Users: 290 (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 890 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Palmari, Purupurú Autonym: Pamoari Classification: Arauan

Pemon aoc

Roraima state: Rio Branco, near Guyana border. Users: 500 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 580 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kamarakotos, Pemong, Taulipáng, Taurepáng Classification: Cariban, North Amazonian, Pemón, Pemón proper

Pirahã myp

Amazonas state: Maici and Autaces rivers. Users: 390 (Crevels 2012). Most are monolingual. Ethnic population: 9,690 (Crevels 2012). 9,300 Múra, 390 Pirahã (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mura, Múra-Pirahã, Pirahán Autonym: Xapaitíiso Classification: Muran

Piratapuyo pir

Amazonas state: Terra Indígena Médio Rio Negro I, Terra Indígena Médio Rio Negro II, Terra Indígena Rio Negro, Terra Indígena Rio Téa. Users: 700 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,430 (2005 FOIRN). Total users in all countries: 1,330. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Pira-Tapuia, Pira-Tapuya, Piratapuia, Piratapuya, Uaiana, Uaicana, Uaikena, Uainana, Waikhara, Waikino, Waina, Wanana-Pirá, Waíkana Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan

Plautdietsch pdt

Paraná state: Curitiaba, other scattered communities. Users: 8,000 in Brazil (Salminen 2007). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Low German, Mennonite German Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Saxon-Low Franconian, Low Saxon

Pokangá pok

Amazonas state: Upper Tiquie, tributary of Vaupés. Users: 34 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 34 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Bara Sona, Barasana, Barasano, Bará, Bará-Tukano, Hanera, Pakang, Panenoá, Pokangá-Tapuya, Pãnerã Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Bará-Tuyuka

Polish pol

Users: 211,000 in Brazil (2021 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, West, Lechitic

Pomeranian nds

Espírito Santo: Domingos Martins, Laranja da Terra, Pancas, Santa Maria de Jetibá, and Vila Pavão; Rio Grande do Sul: Serra dos Tapes, Canguçu. Users: 300,000 in Brazil (2016 M. Braga). Status: 4 (Educational). Statutory language of provincial identity in State of Espirito Santo (2011, State Amendment), co-official in a number of municipalities within the state. Alternate Names: Pomerano, Pommersch Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Saxon-Low Franconian, Low Saxon

Portuguese por

Widespread. Users: 211,200,000 in Brazil, all users. L1 users: 201,000,000 in Brazil (2020). L2 users: 10,200,000 (2020). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1988, Constitution, Article 13). Alternate Names: Português Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Portuguese-Galician

Potiguára pog

Paraíba state: Mamanguape municipality, Pôsto Nísia Brasileira on Baía da Traição. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker either died or had shifted entirely to Portuguese [por] by the early 1970s. Ethnic population: 11,400 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Petigaré, Pitonara, Potiguara, Potyguara Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Tupí

Poyanáwa pyn

Acre state: upper Rio Môa, Jumá tributary. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers likely survived into the first decade of the 2000s. Ethnic population: 400 (1999 ISA). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Poianáua, Puinahua Classification: Panoan, Mainline

Puri prr

Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais states. Users: No known L1 speakers. Became extinct late in the 19th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Colorado, Coroado, Paquí, Telikóng Classification: Purian

Puruborá pur

Rondônia state: headwaters of the Rio São Miguel, tributary of Guaporé right bank. Users: 2 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 50 (Moore 2006). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Aurã, Burubora, Cujubi, Kuyubi, Miguelenho, Migueleno, Pumbora, Puroborá, Puruba Classification: Tupian

Rikbaktsa rkb

Mato Grosso and Amazonas states: confluence of Sangue and Juruena rivers, Japuira on the east bank of the Juruena between Arinos and Sangue rivers; Posto Escondido on Juruena west bank 700 km north. 9 villages, 14 settlements. Users: 40 (2010 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,120 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Aripaktsá, Canoeiro, Erigbaagtsá, Erigpactsá, Erigpaktsá, Erikbaktsá, Erikbatsá, Erikpatsá, Orelhas de Pau, Rikpakcá, Rikpaktsá Autonym: Rikbaktsa Classification: Language isolate

Romani, Vlax rmy

Pernambuco state. Users: 20,000 in Brazil (2021 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Romani, Vlax

Romanian ron

Users: 21,000 in Brazil (2021 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Eastern

Russian rus

Users: 143,000 in Brazil (2021 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East

Sabanê sae

Mato Grosso state. Users: 3 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 140 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Sabanês, Sabones, Sowainte Classification: Nambikwara

Sakirabiá skf

Rondônia state: Cerejeira and Colorado do Oeste municipalities, Mequens river. Users: 22 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 84 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Mekens, Mekém, Sakirabiák, Sakirabiáp, Sakirabiát, Sakirap, Sakiriabar, Sakurabiat Classification: Tupian, Tuparí

Salumá slj

Pará state: upper Anamu, Trombetas river source, along Suriname border. Users: 240 (2000). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Cariban, Tiriyó

Sánuma xsu

Roraima state: Auaris river. Users: 460 in Brazil (Moore 2006). All Yanomam groups in Brazil: 11,700 (2000 ISA). Ethnic population: 460 (Crevels 2012). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Sanema, Sanïma, Sanöma, Sánïma, Tsanuma Classification: Yanomaman

Sateré-Mawé mav

Pará and Amazonas states: Andirá, and Maués rivers, between lower Tapajós and lower Madeira rivers. More than 14 villages. Users: 6,220 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 9,160 (2008 FUNASA). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Andira, Arapium, Mabue, Maragua, Maué, Mawé, Sataré, Sataré-Maué, Sateré Autonym: Satere Mawe Classification: Tupian

Serbian srp

Users: 21,000 in Brazil (2021 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Western

Shanenawa swo

Amazonas state: near Feijó city. Users: 9 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 360 (2002 FUNAI). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Katukina Shanenawá Classification: Unclassified

Sharanahua mcd

Acre state: Cruzeiro do Sul municipality, on Rio Humaitá off Juará river; Marináwa, along the upper Envira, tributary of the Tarauacá. Users: 9 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 330 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Acre Arara, Arara Shawãdawa, Arara do Acre, Shawanauá, Shawã Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State

Sikiana sik

Pará state: between Rio Cafuini and headwaters of the Turuna and Itapi, near the Suriname border. Users: 33 in Brazil (1986 SIL). Total users in all countries: 45. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Chikena, Chiquena, Chiquiana, Shikiana, Sikiâna, Sikïiyana, Xikiyana, Xikujana Classification: Cariban, Kashuyana

Siriano sri

Amazonas state: São Gabriel. Users: 17 in Brazil (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 52 (2009 FUNASA). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Sarirá, Siria-Masã, Siriana, Siriane, Surianá, Surirá, Suryana Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Desano-Siriano

Slovak slk

Users: 3,900 in Brazil (2021 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, West, Czech-Slovak

Spanish spa

Users: 6,107,000 in Brazil, all users. L1 users: 507,000 in Brazil (2019). L2 users: 5,600,000 (Instituto Cervantes 2019). Status: 4 (Educational). Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian

Suruahá swx

Amazonas state: Juruá, Jutaí and Purus rivers area. Users: 140 (Moore 2006). 140 monolinguals. All are monolingual. Ethnic population: 140 (Crevels 2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Indios do Coxodoá, Sorowaha, Suruwahá, Zuruahã Classification: Arauan

Suruí sru

Rondônia and Mato Grosso states: border area, 10 villages and scattered. Users: 1,010 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,010 (Crevels 2012). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Suruí de Rondônia, Suruí do Jiparaná, Suruí-Paiter Autonym: Paiter Classification: Tupian, Mondé

Suruí do Pará mdz

Pará state: São João municipality, Araguaia. Users: 260 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 260 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aikewara, Akewara, Akewere, Sororos, Suruí, Suruí do Tocantins, “Mudjetíre” (pej.), “Mudjetíre-Suruí” (pej.), “Mudjétira” (pej.) Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tenetehara, Akwawa

Suyá suy

Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park, headwaters of Rio Culuene; Pará state: Terra Indígena Capoto or Jarina reservation, Kayapó villages (2002 ISA). Users: 410 (Crevels 2012). 350 Suya (main dialect); 58 Tapayúna (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 410 (Crevels 2012). 350 Suya (main dialect); 58 Tapayúna (Crevels 2012). All Tapayuna speak their native language (Crevels 2007). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kisêdjê, Mẽkisêdjê, Suiá Classification: Jean, Northern

Talian vec

Northern Rio Grande do Sul: Caxias do Sul area. Users: Ethnic population: 1,000,000 (2021). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Taliano, Venetian, Veneto, Vêneto Brasileiro Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Italian

Tapirapé taf

Mato Grosso state: Terra Indigena Tapirape/Karaja, 1 village; Terra Indigena Urubu Branco (Tapi’itawa), 7 villages. Users: 950 (2020 F. Gerardi). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Tapi’irape Autonym: Apyãwa Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tenetehara

Tariana tae

Amazonas state: Santa Rosa (Juquira), Iauarete, Periquitos, and Ji-Ponta on Middle Vaupés river. Users: 100 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,910 (2002 ISA). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Taliáseri, Tariano, Tariáno, Tarîna Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Eastern Nawiki

Tawandê xtw

Rondônia state: Pyrineus de Souza village, near Vilhena town. Users: 1 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Da’wan’du, Tawaindê Classification: Nambikwara, Nambikwara Complex, Northern, Roosevelt Cluster

Tembé tqb

Pará state: Terra Indígena Alto Turiaçu, banks of Gurupi river. Users: 60 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,430 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Tenetehara, Timbé, Turiwara Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tenetehara, Tenetehara

Tenharim pah

Amazonas and Mato Grosso states. 2 villages. Users: 360 (Crevels 2012). 1 Diahói, 10 Parintintin, and 350 Tenharim (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,070 (Crevels 2012). 90 Diahói, 280 Parintintin, and 700 Tenharim (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kagwahiv, Kagwahiwa, Kawaib, Tenharem, Tenharin Autonym: Kagwahiva Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin

Terêna ter

Mato Grosso do Sul state: east of Paraguay river in Miranda and Aguidauana rivers area, 20 villages and 2 cities; some in São Paulo state. Users: 15,800 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 20,000 (Crevels 2012). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Etelena, Tereno Autonym: Emo’u xâne Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Terena

Ticuna tca

Amazonas state: upper Solimões river area, more than 20 indigenous islands, more than 90 villages. Users: 35,000 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 35,000 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 48,580. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Du-ûgü, Duüxügu, Magüa, Tikuna, Tucuna, Tukuna Autonym: ticunagaxũ Classification: Language isolate

Tingui-Boto tgv

Alagoas state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Extinct by the 1970s. Ethnic population: 300 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Carapató, Carapoto, Dzboku’a, Dzubukuá, Karapató, Shocó, Tingui, Tingui Botó, Xocó Classification: Unclassified

Torá trz

Amazonas state: lower Rio Marmelos tributary of Rio Madeira. Users: No known L1 speakers. Extinct by 2000s. Ethnic population: 310 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Tora, Toraz, Torerizes, Toré, Tura, Turá Classification: Chapacuran, Itene

Tremembé tme

Ceará state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 2,050 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Taramembé, Teremembé Classification: Unclassified

Trió tri

Pará state: mostly on west Paru river; also Terra Indígena Parque Tumucumaque, on Marapi and East Paru rivers. Users: 1,160 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Most are monolingual. Ethnic population: 1,160 (Crevels 2012). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Tarona, Tarëno, Tiriyó, Tirió, Yawi Classification: Cariban, Tiriyó, Tiriyó

Truká tka

Bahia and Pernambuco states. Users: No known L1 speakers. Extinct in latter half of 20th century. Ethnic population: 4,170 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Unclassified

Trumai tpy

Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park, source of Xingú river, villages along banks. Users: 51 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 250 (2014 SESAI). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Language isolate

Tucano tuo

Amazonas state. Wasona users primarily in Yacayacá village. Users: 4,600 in Brazil (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 6,240 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 11,620. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dahseyé, Dasea, Daxsea, Takuna, Tukano, Tukána, Ye’pãmasa Autonym: Dasea ye Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Tucano

Tukumanféd tkf

Rondônia state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Became extinct in late 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Tekumanfed, Tukumaféd Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin

Tuparí tpr

Rondônia state: Pororoca Post, Branco river, tributary of the Guaporé. Users: 150 (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 430 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Tupian, Tuparí

Tupinikin tpk

Espírito Santo state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Extinct by 1960s. Ethnic population: 1,390. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Margaya, Tupinaki, Tupinikim, Tupiniquim, Tupiniquin, Tupiniquín Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Tupí

Turiwára twt

Pará state: with the Tembé [tqb] language group on Acará-miri river. Users: No known L1 speakers. The Tembé [tqb] seem to have assimilated the closely related Turiwara group (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 30 (1995 SIL). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Turiguara, Turiuara, Turiwara Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Amanayé

Turkish tur

Users: 6,200 in Brazil (2021 Joshua Project). , based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Southern, Turkish

Tuxá tud

Bahia and Pernambuco states. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the 1960s (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 3,930 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Payacú, Rodela, Todela, Tusha, Tushá Classification: Language isolate

Tuxináwa tux

Acre state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Extinct by 1970s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Tuchinaua, Tushinawa, Tutxinawa, Tuxinaua, Tuxinawa Classification: Panoan, Mainline

Tuyuca tue

Amazonas state: Vaupés region, Terra Indígena Alto Rio Negro and Terra Indígena Apaporis. Users: 800 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 830 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Borá-Tuyuka, Dochkafuara, Doka-Poara, Dokapuara, Doxká-Poárá, Tuiuca, Tuyuka, Utapinõmakãphõná Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Bará-Tuyuka

Uamué uam

Pernambuco state: Floresta area. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the 1960s (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,740 (Crevels 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Aticum, Atikum, Huamuê, Wamoé Classification: Language isolate

Ukrainian ukr

Paraná state. Users: 34,000 in Brazil (2021 Joshua Project). Ethnic population: 500,000 (2015). Status: 4 (Educational). Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East

Umotína umo

Mato Grosso state: along the Paraguay River. Users: No known L1 speakers (Crevels 2012). The last speaker, Julá Paré, died in 2004 (2011 E. Vital). Ethnic population: 450 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Barbados, Omotina, Umutina Classification: Bororoan

Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau urz

Rondônia state: upper Cautário, Jaciparaná, and Jamari rivers. Users: 87 (Moore 2006). Crevels (2007) groups the Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau together with Amundava [adw] for a total population of 170 (2003). Ethnic population: 87 (Moore 2006). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Eru-Eu-Wau-Wau, Jupaú, Kagwahiva, Kawahíb, Uru-Eu-Uau-Uau, Uruewawau Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib

Uru-Pa-In urp

Rondônia state: Ariquemes municipality. Users: 200 (1995 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib

Urumi uru

Rondônia state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Became extinct in latter half of 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Itanga, Ramarama, Ramarama-Urumí, Urumí Classification: Tupian, Ramarama

Waimaha bao

Amazonas state: Terra Indigena Pari Cachoeira, Bittencourt and Iauareté municipalities; Terra Indigena Pari Cachoeira II, Iauareté municipality; Terra Indigena Pari Cachoeira III, Bittencourt municipality, all on upper Tiquié river. Users: 21 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 21 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Barazana, Northern Barasano, Waimajã, Waípinõmakã, “Bará” (pej.) Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Bará-Tuyuka

Waimiri-Atroarí atr

Amazonas state: border area with Roraima state on Alalau and Camanau, Jatapu, and Jauaperi rivers. 24 villages. Users: 2,010 (2018 ISA). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Atroahy, Atroahí, Atroarí, Atroaí, Atrowari, Atruahí, Ki’nya, Kinja, Kinja Iara, Kinã Classification: Cariban, North Amazonian, Yawaperí

Waiwai waw

Pará and Roraima states. Users: 2,020 in Brazil (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 2,900 (2005 ISA). Total users in all countries: 2,230. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ouayeone, Tunayana-Waiwai, Uaieue, Wai Wai Autonym: UaiUai Classification: Cariban, Waiwai

Wajiara yui

Amazonas state: Iauarete. Users: No known L1 speakers in Brazil. Last known speakers likely survived into the 2000s (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Jurití, Juruti, Juruti-Tapuia, Luruty-Tapuya, Wajiaraye, Yuriti-Tapuia, Yurutí Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Tucano

Wakoná waf

Alagoas state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speakers died in the mid-1970s. Ethnic population: 500 (1995 SIL). Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Unclassified

Wanano gvc

Amazonas state: Terra Indígena Alto Rio Negro; on Colombia border. Users: 1,000 in Brazil (2020 L. Drake). Ethnic population: 1,200 (2020 L. Drake). Total users in all countries: 1,300. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Anana, Guanano, Kootiria, Kótedia, Kótirya, Uanana, Uanano, Wanana-Pirá, Wanâna Autonym: Kotiria Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan

Wapishana wap

Roraima state: 23 indigenous lands. Users: 6,500 in Brazil (2000 ISA). Ethnic population: 7,000 (Crevels 2012). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Aruma, Uapixana, Vapidiana, Wapishiana, Wapisiana, Wapixiana, Wapixiána, Wapixána Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Wapixana

Warekena gae

Amazonas state: Rio Chié (Xié) and Içana; near Venezuelan border. Users: 20 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 810 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Arequena, Guarequena, Uarequena, Uerequema, Urequema, Werekena, Werikena Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Western Nawiki, Warekena

Wasu wsu

Alagoas state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 1,560 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Wassu, Wassú, Waçu Classification: Unclassified

Waurá wau

Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park. Users: 320 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 320 (Moore 2006). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Aura, Uará, Uaura, Waujá, Waurá-Meinaku Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Central, Waurá, Waurá-Meinaku

Wayampi oym

Amapá and Pará states: tributaries of upper Amapari river. 8 villages. Users: 910 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 910 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 1,660. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Guaiapi, Guayapi, Oiampí, Oyampí, Oyampík, Oyanpík, Waiampi, Waiãpi, Wajapae, Wajapuku, Wayapae, Wayapi, Wayãpi, Wayãpy, “Oiampipucu” (pej.), “Oyampipuku” (pej.) Autonym: Wajãpi Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Wayampí

Wayana way

Pará state: Parque Indígena do Tumucumaque, and Terra Indígena Rio Paru D’Este, mainly on Paru de Leste river. Users: 290 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 450 (Moore 2006). Wayana and Aparai are registered as a single group of 420 members (1998). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Alukuyana, Aparaí, Oayana, Oiana, Oyana, Uaiana, Upurui, Waiana, Wayâna Classification: Cariban, Central, Wayana

Wayoró wyr

Rondônia state: Pororoca post, Guapore river. Users: 8 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 94 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Ajurú, Ayurú, Uaiora, Wajaru, Wayurú Classification: Tupian, Tuparí

Wiraféd wir

Rondônia state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Extinct by 1980s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Bocas Pretas, Cabahyba, Cauaiua, Cauhib, Cawahib, Jauareta-Tapiia, Kawahib, Kawaib, Paranawat, Pawaté-Wirafed, Tupi do rio Machado, Uirafed, Wirafed, Wiroféd Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin

Xakriabá xkr

Minas Gerais state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Became extinct in latter 19th century. Ethnic population: 7,670 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Chakriaba, Chicriaba, Chicriabá, Chikriaba, Shacriaba, Shakriabá, Shicriaba, Shicriabá, Xacriabá, Xikriabá Classification: Jean, Central

Xavánte xav

Mato Grosso state: 6 noncontiguous reservations. 80 villages. Users: 19,000 (2010 census). 7,000 monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: A’uwe Uptabi, A’we, Akuên, Akwen, Awen, Chavante, Crisca, Pusciti, Shavante, Tapacua Autonym: A’uwẽ Classification: Jean, Central

Xerénte xer

Tocantins state: between Rio do Sono and Rio Tocantins. Users: 2,570 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,570 (Crevels 2012). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Acuen, Akwen, Akwẽ-Xerente, Sherenté Autonym: Akwẽ Classification: Jean, Central

Xetá xet

Paraná state: among Kaingang [kgp]. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (1986 SIL). Ethnic population: 86 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Aré, Cheta, Curutón, Hetá, Seta, Sheta Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní

Xipaya xiy

Pará state: lower Xingú river. Users: 1 (2011 SIL). Ethnic population: 600 (2002 ISA). The ethnic population probably includes Kuruaya [kyr] as they are sometimes considered a single ethnic group. There were 8 elders of Kuruaya and Xipaya descendance in Altamira reported to speak the native language in 2007 (Crevels 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Shipaja, Shipaya, Xipaia Classification: Tupian, Juruna

Xiriâna xir

Amazonas state: Demeni and Rio Negro tributaries, near Venezuela border. Users: No known L1 speakers. There were 200 monolingual speakers in 1960 (Migliazza and Grimes 1961), but the language became dormant by the 2000s. Ethnic population: 900 (2000). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Bahuana, Bahwana, Barauána, Chiriana, Chiriána, Shiriana, Shriana, Xiriana Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Unclassified

Xokleng xok

Santa Catarina state: Itajaí river tributary. Users: 100 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 890 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Aweikoma, Aweikoma-Kaingang, Botocudos, Kaingang de Santa Catarina, Laklanô, Shokléng, Xakléng, Xogléng, Xokré, Xokrén, Xokréng, “Bugres” (pej.), “Bugré” (pej.) Classification: Jean, Southern

Xukurú xoo

Bahía state; Pernambuco state: Serra de Urubá (Arobá) near Cimbres city. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died in the 1960s (Meader 1978). Ethnic population: 2,650 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Ichikile, Kirirí, Kirirí-Xokó, Shukuru, Shukurú, Xucuru, Xukuru-Kariri Classification: Language isolate

Yabaâna ybn

Amazonas state: Marauia and Cauaboris rivers’ headwaters, tributaries of the left bank of Rio Negro. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker either died or shifted entirely to Portuguese by 1986 (Rodrigues 1986). Ethnic population: 90 (1986 SIL). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Hobacana, Jabaana, Jabâ-ana, Yabarana, Yabaána Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Unclassified

Yanomámi wca

Amazonas state: Toototobi post; Roraima state: Waicá post, Catrimani and Uraricuera rivers. Users: 6,000 (Moore 2006). 11,700 for all Yanomam groups in Brazil (2000 ISA). Most are monolingual. Ethnic population: 6,000 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Central Waica, Parahuri, Surara, Waicá, Waiká, Xurima, Yanoam, Yanoama, Yanomam, Yanomama, Yanomamé, Yanomamï, Yanomamõ Classification: Yanomaman

Yanomamö guu

Amazonas and Roraima states: upper tributaries of Rio Negro, along Venezuela border. Users: 4,000 in Brazil (Moore 2006). 11,700 for all Yanomam groups in Brazil (2000 ISA). Most are monolingual. Ethnic population: 4,000 (Crevels 2012). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Guaharibo, Guaica, Shaathari, Shamatri, Yanomae, Yanomam, Yanomami Classification: Yanomaman

Yaroamë yro

Roraima. Users: 430 (Ferreira 2011). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Jawari, Yawari Classification: Yanomaman

Yawalapití yaw

Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park. Users: 5 (Instituto Socioambiental 2020). Ethnic population: 262 (2020 https://pib.socioambiental.org/pt/Povo:Yawalapiti). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Iaualapití, Jaulapiti, Yaulapiti Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Central, Waurá, Waurá-Meinaku

Yawanawa ywn

Acre state: Gregório river. Users: 520 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 520 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Iauanauá, Jawanaua, Yahuanahua, Yauanauá Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State

Yuhup yab

Amazonas state: on the Apapóris, Castanha, Cunuri, Igarapé Samaúma, Ira, and Tiquié rivers. 11 villages. Users: 620 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 620 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 720. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Makú-Yahup, Yahup, Yahup Makú, Yuhupdeh, Yëhup, “Maku” (pej.) Autonym: Yuhup Classification: Puinavean, Hupda

Zo’é pto

Pará state: Obidos municipality on Cuminapanema river. Users: 180 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 180 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buré, Jo’é, Poturu, Poturujara, Puturú, Tupí of Cuminapanema Classification: Tupian